Brain Rules (Updated and Expanded)



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Brain Rules (Updated and Expand - John Medina

Fantastic Voyage
(Kleiner), 
89
Fast consolidation
151–152
Fatal Familial Insomnia, 
40
Females. 
See
Gender

Women
Fight or flight response, 
62
Filling in, 
187
Fine-grained discrimination, 
212
Fine motor control, sleep loss and, 
49
Fischer, Edmond, 
252
Flexible schedules, 
100
Fluid intelligence
depression and, 
67
stress and
74
Focused attention, measurements of, 
219
Fogassi, Leonardo, 
251
Forgetfulness, 
67

155–156

See also
 
Amnesia
in declarative memory, 
128

159
memory and, 
155–156
stress and, 
180
types of, 
156
Free radicals, 
29
Frontal cortex, gender and, 
229
Frontal lobe, 
10
Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 
150

170
G
Gage, Phineas, 
10
Gammel,
 
60
Gardner, Howard, 
96
Gazing behavior, 
190

196

247
Gender, 
225–241

See also
 
Men

Women
acute stress and, 
232

241
alcoholics and, 
231
amygdala and, 
241
battle of the sexes and, 
230
becoming male or female, 
226–229
behaviors specific to, 
230–233
bias and, 
225–226


Brain Rule in, 
223
brain structure and, 
229–230

240
cementing relationships and, 
234–235
in classroom, 
238–239
dealing with traumatic situations, 
233
defined, 
226
DNA and, 
226
drug use and, 
231
emotions and stress and, 
232–233

237
glass ceiling and, 
240
mental disorders and, 
231
nature or nurture debate and, 
237
negotiating status and, 
235–236
same-sex classrooms and, 
238–239
schizophrenia and, 
231
serotonin and, 
241
sex versus, 
226
verbal communication and, 
233–236
workplace teams and, 
239–240
Genes, 
89
behavior and, 
3
purpose of, 
229
SRY, 
227
Genentech, 
256
Genetic mutations
10
Giffords, Gabrielle, 
219
Glass ceiling, 
240
Glucocorticoids, 
66
Glucose, 
28

35
brain’s need for, 
29
Gmail, 
256
Goods, improving access to, 
30
Google News, 
256
Gottman, John, 
75–77

78

79
Gould, Stephen Jay, 
233
Grades, effects of stress on, 
70

71
Griffey, Ken, Jr., 
85–86
Gross motor movements, sleep loss and, 
49
Guns, Germs, and Steel
 (Diamond), 
107–108
H
Hackathons, 
256
Hallucinations, 
39

172

187–190

194
auditory, 
40
Harrison, George, 
203
“Have You Heard,” 
211
Hayden, Steve, 
113


Healthy insomnia, 
48
Hearing, influence of vision on, 
179
Heart as “vital flame of life,” 
165
Heavy Media Multitaskers, 
116
Hemisphere, verbal communication and, 
233
Henry VIII, King of England, 
227
Hippocampus, 
11

31

89
brain imaging and
175
memory and, 
152

153

154
stress and, 
62

65

66

67

81
Hippocrates, 
218
Holmes, Sherlock, style of retrieval, 
147–148
Home, stress in, 
70–73
Homeostatic sleep drive, 
42

43
Homework, 
3
need for, 
157
Homo erectus,
 
20
Homo sapiens,
8

20
Hormones, stress, 
66–67
Horowitz, Seth, 
203
How People Learn
 (Bransford), 
115
How the Mind Works
(Pinker), 
204
Human genome, sequencing of, 
228–229
Hummingbirds, 
45

53
Humor, sense of, 
20
Hunger, as drive, 
247
Hurdy-Gurdy Har,
 
215
Hypothesis testing, exploration and, 
247
I
IBM, 
114
Identical twins, brain wiring in, 
94–95
“I’ll Be Home for Christmas,” 
202
Imitation, 
251
newborns in, 
247–248
Immediate memory, impact of sleep loss on, 
48
Immune response, stress and, 
64–65
Immune system, stress and, 
72–73
Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ), 
214
Infants. 
See also
Children
acquisition of information by
246
brains in, 
92
cognitive abilities of, 
76
effects of music on premature, 
220
hypothesis testing by, 
247
music lessons for, 
214–215
object analysis by, 
248–249


object permanence and, 
249
reaction to new information, 
250–251
revelation of brain secrets by, 
251–252
testing of new information by, 
246–251
tongue testing and, 
247–248
use of visual cues by, 
193–194
Information
auditory, 
142
deconstruction of, 
190
encoding of, 
106
exploration in acquisition of, 
246
meaning of, 
139
oral, 
192
pictorial, 
192

196–197
processing of newly acquired, 
250–251
sensory, 
154

156

167
testing of new, by infants, 
246–251
transfer of, 
193
types of, 
192
visual, 
142

190
Information purification, 
113
Infrared eye-tracking technology, testing of effect of pictures on attention, 
196–197
Inhibition, 
90–91
Insel, Thomas, 
231
Insomnia
Fatal Familial, 
40
healthy, 
48
Inspiration, sleep and, 
49–50
Intellectual dexterity, 
74
Intellectual variability, 
98
Intelligence, 
96
Interest, attention and, 
108
International Federation of Competitive Eating, 
27
Interpersonal intelligence, 
96
Interpretative activity as top-down processing, 
169
Intervals, spaced, 
149
Intrapersonal intelligence, 
96
Intrinsic alertness, 
111
Introductions, compelling, 
140–141
iPods in music therapy, 
201–202
IQ
music training and, 
206
size of, 
1
IQ tests, 
96

99

101
J
Jeopardy!,
 
114


Job performance, 
75

158
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, need for nap, 
45–46
Jordan, Michael, athletic failures of, 
85

100
Jumping Jack, 
20
K
Kandel, Eric, 
86–87

136
Khan Academy, 
100
Kim, Jeansok, 
61

80
King, Larry, 
20
Kleiner, Harry, 
89
Kleitman, Nathaniel, 
41–42

43

44
Knowledge, desire for, 
252–256
Kobayashi, Takeru “Tsunami,” 
28
Kraus, Nina, 
208
Krebs, Edwin, 
252
L
LaLanne, Jack, 
19–20

21
Landers, Ann, 
44
Language
acquisition of, 
76
mapping of brain and processing of, 
97
music training in boosting skills in, 
208–209
Larks, 
44

53
Late chronotypes, 
44–45
Learned helplessness, 
59–61

62
predictability in, 
62
stress and, 
68
Learning. 
See also
Education

Schools
attention and, 
106
capacity for, in children, 
12–13
class size and, 
99
context-dependent, 
137

178
customized classrooms and, 
100
effect of vision on, 
191
encoding and, 
131

175
gaps in, 
100
importance of vision in, 
191–193
meaningful, 
138

139
multiple intelligences and, 
96
in multisensory environment in enhancing, 
171–173
need for homework and
157
performance gap in, 
238
real-world examples in, 
139–140
same-sex classrooms and, 
238–239
sensory integration in, 
164

175–176

178


sleep and, 
49–50
smell in boosting, 
173–174
state-dependent, 
137
stress and, 
60

65–66

67

70–73
in wiring of brain, 
86–87
Learning models
discovery-based, 
257
problem-based, 
257
“Left brain” people, 
4

232
Left hemisphere, 
109
Levitin, Dan, 
217–218
Library model of retrieval, 
146–147
Life-threatening events, 
78
Light Media Multitaskers, 
116
Limbic system, 
229
Limitation assessments, 
214–215
LinkedIn, 
256
Listening skills of musicians, 
207–208
Lizard brain, 
11

15
Logical/mathematical intelligence, 
96
Logical reasoning, sleep loss and, 
49

55
Long-term memories, 
130

144–146

159
conversion of short-term memory into
11

143–144
Long-term potentiation (LTP), 
151
early, 
152
Lungs, 
165
Luther, Martin, 
230
M
Macadamization, 
30
Maintaining attention, 
10
Maintenance rehearsal, 
148
Malacarne, Vincenzo, 
87
Males. 
See
 
Gender

Men
Mammalian brain, 
11
Mapping, brain, 
95–96
Marital conflict, unresolved, and stress, 
71
Marital stress, effect on academic performance, 
72
Marriage intervention, 
75–77
Mathematics
Donald Duck and, 
195–196
gender and, 
238
impact of sleep loss on knowledge in, 
49
repetition and, 
157–158
sleep and skills in, 
50
Maugham, W. Somerset, 
167

168
Mayer, Richard, 
171

175


Maze-pattern sequence, 
51
McAdam, John Loudon, 
30
McEwen, Bruce, 
69–70
McGurk effect, sensory integration and, 
164

168
McKeachie, Wilbert, 
106
Medical-school model, components of
257–258
Medical schools, analyzing success of, 
257–258
Medina Grump Factor (MGF), 
3
Melatonin, 
53
Meltzoff, Andy, 
247
Memory, 
127–159
amnesia and, 
67

153
attention and, 
107–108
autobiographical, 
146

174
automatic processing in, 
133–134
Brain Rules for, 
3

125

148
central executive in, 
142

143
cortex and, 
152–153

159
creating familiar settings and, 
141–142
declarative, 
128

129

159

174–175
depression and, 
67
effortful processing in, 
134
elaborative rehearsal in, 
149

156
encoding in, 
131–139

159
episodic, 
146
familiar settings and, 
141–142
forgetting, 
155–156
hippocampus and, 
152

153

154
introductions and, 
140–141
life span of, 
130
long-term, 
130

144–146

159
long-term potentiation and, 
151–155
music and, 
130–131
nondeclarative, 
129
pattern matching in, 
140
photographic, 
173
process of, 
130–133
reasons for, 
128–129
recognition, 
191

192
repetition in, 
148–151

157–158
retrieving, 
146–148
semantic, 
146
short-term, 
130

191
smell in evoking memory, 
173–175
stress and, 
65–66

74
trivia and, 
128
types of, 
129–130

174
verbal, 
234


working, 
142–144

159

191
Memory consolidation, 
145–146

151–155
fast, 
151–152
slow, 
152–153
Memory degradation, 
178
Men. 

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