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Formal
collection of data from outside sources includes the following. 
(a) A 
company's 
tax specialists 
will be expected to gather information about changes in tax law and 
how this will affect the company. 
(b) 
Obtaining information about any new legislation on health and safety at work, or employment 
regulations, must be the responsibility of a particular person – for example the company's 
legal 
expert
or 
company secretary
– who must then pass on the information to other managers 
affected by it.
(c) 
Research and development (R&D) work often relies on information about other R&D work being 
done by another company or by government institutions. An 
R&D official
might be made 
responsible for finding out about R&D work in the company. 
(d) 
Marketing managers
need to know about the opinions and buying attitudes of potential 
customers. To obtain this information, they might carry out market research exercises. 
Informal
gathering of information from the environment occurs naturally, consciously or unconsciously, 
as people learn what is going on in the world around them – perhaps from newspapers, television 
reports, meetings with business associates or the trade press. 
Organisations hold external information, such as invoices, letters and advertisements, 
received from 
customers and suppliers
. But there are many occasions when an active search outside the organisation 
is necessary. 
The phrase 
environmental scanning 
is often used to describe the process of gathering external 
information, which is available from a wide range of sources. 
BPP Tutor Toolkit Copy

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CHAPTER 18
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PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS AND COMMUNICATION