3.
The Importance of Achieving of Semantic and Stylistic Identity of
Translating Idioms
Translation of idioms is one of the difficult tasks in translation. Apart from
translating isolated words, " the most typical example of translating on the level of
the combination of words is the translation of idiomatic or phraseological units"
(Catford, 1965, p. 44).
In the first phase of translation, the danger of error is already great, since the
translation of an idiom differs from the translation of individual words from which
it consists. Baker (1992) believes that " the main problems that idiomatic and fixed
expressions posein translation relate to two main areas: the ability to recognize and
interpret an idiom correctlyand the difficulties in rendering various aspects of
meaning that an idiom or a fixed expression conveys into the target language (p.
65). If you make an error when translating, this will lead to a gross distortion of
the meaning of the original. Here are some funny examples: The lights are on, but
nobody's home. Many students translate this idiom literally: Cвет горит, но
никого нет дома. (Instead of- Без царя в голове, винтика не хватает). To have
Van Gogh's ear for music.- Иметь ухо Ван Гога для музыки . However, this
idiom has a completely different translation- (медведь на ухо наступил, не иметь
музыкального слуха). Similarly: use your loaf - не "использовать свою
буханку", а "думать головой", "To put a sock in it" – не "положить носок в
него/это", а "попридержать язык" . When translating an idiom, it is necessary
to convey not only its meaning, but also stylistic color, expression, which largely
depends on the context and cannot be provided for by any dictionary. Since words
are characteristic of such phenomena as synonymy, homonymy, polysemy, the
translation of idioms is also difficult. For example, in both Russian and English,
there are synonymous series meaning "never." The spread is very wide: from "in
the reign of Queen Dick" to "when pigs fly." The idiomatic expression "there is no
love lost between them" has two popular meanings: "они друг друга терпеть не
могут" and "они друг в друге души не чают" [Кунин, 1999:202] . Therefore,
before translating an idiom, we must carefully analyze the methods of translation.
Translation theory offers 5 ways of translating idioms, but the choice is made
based on the nature of the idiom and the context. Below we will see methods of
translating idioms from English into Russian . 1) Phraseological equivalent is a
rather rare phenomenon, suggesting the coincidence of the translation with the
original in terms of meaning, lexical composition, stylistic orientation and
grammatical structure. For example: Pandora's box - ящик Пандоры, to rob Piter
to pay Paul - literally: ограбить Питера, чтобы заплатить Полу , in the seventh
heaven - на седьмом небе, to shed crocodile tears - проливать крокодиловы
слезы, Augean stables - Авгиевы конюшни . Basically, Russian equivalents are
found in the so-called international expressions found in most European languages.
Most of them were borrowed by different languages from the same source. This is
especially evident in the example of idioms and phraseologisms related to ancient
mythology or biblical tales. Phraseological equivalents can be complete, i.e.
coinciding in lexical composition and grammatical structure, and incomplete -
having minor partial lexical or grammatical differences. For example, the English
"to kill the goose that leaves the golden eggs" in Russian sounds like "убивать
курицу, которая несет золотые яйца". Translation of idioms using equivalents is
the easiest case and does not cause any difficulties. 2) Selection of idiomatic
analogue - figurative phraseological unit in Russian is similar in meaning to the
English idiom, but based on a different image. For example: add insult to injury -
сыпать соль на рану, once in a blue moon - в кои-то веки, kill two birds with
one stone - убить двух зайцев. To select an analogue, you need to carefully
analyze the context, the nature of the idiom being translated and its Russian
correspondence. In addition, in order to choose a similar idiom, the translator must
be fluent in resources of the Russian language. Often, the English idiom has
several Russian analogues that differ in stylistic characteristics and shades of word
usage: - To come like a bolt from the blue (откуда ни возьмись; как гром среди
ясного неба; как снег на голову). The choice is made on the basis of context, but
the creative personality of the translator also plays a significant role. Selecting an
analogue often requires a translator to carefully analyze the context, nature of the
translated idiom and its Russian correspondence. There are also very difficult cases
with discrepancies. So, in English phraseologism, Charity begins at home, Muller's
Anglo-Russian dictionary and Kunin's phraseological dictionary are offered as an
analogue to the Russian "Своя рубашка ближе к телу" [Muller, 1999:121].
However, this is doubtful, since in Russian there is a negative connotation,
suggesting condemnation, which is absent in English phraseologism. That is why
the Big Anglo-Russian Dictionary (edited by I.R. Halperin) refuses the option with
an analogue, giving only a descriptive translation: "Кто думает о родных, не
забудет и чужих". 3) Calques
is a literal translation of an English idiom. This
method is used if the English idiom does not have an equivalent or analogue in
Russian. The expression obtained as a result of calcification is not an idiom in
Russian. With the help of tracing the English idioms with pronounced motivation -
proverbs are translated, etc. Half a loaf is better than no bread - Лучше уж пол
буханки , чем вовсе без хлеба , to bite the hands that feeds you - кусать руку,
которая кормит; not to climb for a word into one's pocket-за словом в карман не
полезет. Calques
(that is, literal translation) is appropriate only in the case when
the imagery of a Russian idiom is unequivocally understood by the native speaker
of the English language, and as a result a beautiful and natural phrase is obtained.
4) Descriptive translation is the transmission of the meaning of an English idiom
by a free combination of words in Russian. In this case, the loss of figurative, and
therefore expressive expressiveness of the original, is inevitable. The translator
uses this method if it is not possible to use any of the above. A descriptive
translation is essentially a translation not of phraseological unit itself, but of its
interpretation. These can be explanations, comparisons, descriptions,
interpretations - all means that convey content in the most clear and concise form.
For example: A black eye -синяк под глазом, be in the black -быть в прибыли ,
but the idom "be in the red" translates as "быть в убытке". The choice of a
synonym is made based on the context. It should be born in mind that when
translating idiomatic expressions, not only adequate transmission of the lexical
meaning by idioms is important, but also syntax, as well as stylistic coloring. Thus,
it can be concluded that knowledge of the history of phraseological unit helps
when choosing the appropriate way to translate it. Even if translation having full
Russian equivalents, there are cases when it is necessary to use a creative
approach, the so-called obertonal translation. In such cases, knowledge of the
source of this phraseologism is necessary. And without a clear understanding of
phraseologism, it is impossible to assess the brightness and expressiveness of
speech, evaluate the joke, understand the game of words, and sometimes just the
meaning of the whole statement. 5) Contextual replacement is the use of such a
Russian idiom, which, although it does not correspond in meaning to English
phraseological unit , taken in isolation, but with sufficient accuracy (and semantic
and stylistic) conveys its content in this particular context. In the novel by
Teckerey, Sir Pitt Crowley, making an offer to Rebecca Sharp and receiving an
answer that she is already married, says: "You can't eat your cake and have it"
[Tekkerey, 1975:45] This English phraseologism has neither an equivalent nor an
analogue, and even a descriptive translation ("Нельзя делать две
взаимоисключающие друг друга вещи") can hardly be applied for stylistic
reasons (it is too "calm" for the annoyed Sir Pitt). In this situation, contextual
replacement is the only way out. What Russian translation will be appropriate in
this situation? For example, "Что с возу упало, то пропало". This is an analogue
of a completely different English idiom - "It's no use crying over spilt milk," but
the important thing is that in this context it best conveys the meaning of the
character's words and their emotional color. Separately - about the problem of
translating English idioms containing national realities (names, geographical
names, etc.). to carry coals to Newcastle, to smile like Cheshire cat, to put the
Thames on fire. First, do not use Russian analogues, which have their own national
realities. When translating the first example, I want to exclaim: "Ездить в Тулу со
своим самоваром"! However, such an approach almost inevitably leads to
unacceptable russification of the text. Secondly, the calcification of nationally
colored phraseological units is in principle possible, but only in cases where the
English reality is quite well known to the Russian reader or is clear from the
context.
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