The same animal vocabulary carrier, the same
associative meaning
.
Because the same kinds of animals have the same
characteristics, and thus in different cultural and social people in the same animal
words produce the same psychological associations is not surprising.
In this
category, the most common to the number of ‗mouse‘ (rat). Either in Russian or
English, the associative meaning of mice is negative. For instance, we use ―timid
as a mouse‖, (as) ―quiet as a mouse‖ and so on, to describe the cowardly, humble,
short-sighted people. In the United States slang, rat is the lowly and disloyal
people. For example, ―to smell a rat‖ means to suspect that something is wrong, or
that someone is doing something dishonest or incorrect.
The same animal
vocabulary carrier, different associative meaning
.
Usually this type of animal
words most able to cross-cultural communication and translation of an obstacle,
the most common is ―dog‖. Dog frequently has a pejorative connotation in Russian
idioms, such as ―dog`s life‖, ―an old sick dog‖, but ―a dog loyalty‖. However,
Westerners are very fond of dogs, but also give them high status. ‗Longman
Dictionary of English Language and Culture‘ in the definition given in the dog, not
only includes ―a kind of pet‖, but also includes ―a member of the family‖.
Therefore, the English idioms associated with dogs are usually with a positive
meaning, such as ―every dog has his own day‖, ―love me, love my dog‖, ―help a
lame dog over a stile‖.
Different animal words carrier, the same associative
meaning
.
There are two kinds of people in society in different languages, due to
different social experience and customs and they are likely to lead to looking at
things in different ways and angles. Therefore, different animal words carriers may
generate the same association of two cultures. When we talk about silly and fool
person, we describe him or her as a person who has ―brain of a pigeon‖, instead of
Russian ―brain of a hen‖. ―Black sheep‖ is one who is very different from the
others, and least respected by the other members of the family or other group of
people. In Russian language this person is compared with ―white crow‖.
Examples:
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Лучше синица в руках, чем журавль
в небе. A cat in gloves catches no mice. Без труда не вытащишь и рыбки из
пруда.
Dogs that put up many hares kill none. За двумя зайцами погонишься, ни
одного не поймаешь.
To kill two birds with one stone. Убить
двух зайцев одним ударом.
Тo stare like a stuck pig. Глядеть как баран на
новые ворота.
A dog that barks doesn't bite. Бодливой корове бог рог не даѐт.
When the cows come home. Когда рак на горе свистнет.
From the above
classification, we can see that the animal words in English and Russian idioms
carrier can be triggered by the associative meaning of the same, it can be different.
This is not just a language difference, but also a kind of cultural differences.
Developing according to certain norms and rules, culture expresses itself in the
form of texts, rituals, traditions, patterns of behavior. A person lives and acts
within a certain cultural paradigm. Its traces are present in all spheres of activity of
the individual: ways of communication, way of thinking, peculiarities of attitude to
nature, other people and himself. Since the lexical composition of the language is
most obvious, "directly" reflects fragments of extralinguistic reality (subject -
concept - name), objectifies the emotional phenomenon with various nominative
techniques and formalizes thought constructs by lexical means of direct, secondary
and indirect nomination, this determines the preferred appeal to it.
An example of
this is the vocabulary associated with national cuisines (okroshka, cabbage soup,
ear, chowder, sbiten, moonshine in Russian and porridge, shepherd'spie, Jasop &
eggs, mamalade, cobbler, cheny cobbler, bloody Mao - in English). No less vividly
national-specific features can be traced in the name of clothing (sarafan breeches),
the originality of wedding ceremonies (matchmaking, bridegroom, wedding.
wedding), funerals (commemorations), EMOTIONS OF THE PAST (curses, love
explanations), etc. Cultural norms can be violated, ignored, rejected, but they
(consciously or unconsciously) are observed and (consciously or unconsciously)
violated, being different in different cultural systems 1, since the features of the
national mentality. entrenched in the language, transmitted to generations both in
the spiritual appearance of the people (through collective consciousness) and in the
psycholinguocultural perception by the individual of the surrounding reality
(through individual consciousness). Sharing the NO position. Alefirenko, who
considers the linguocultural paradigm as a configurative set of signs formed by
stereotypes of ethnocultural consciousness, and claims that "coding cultural and
historical experience in the meaning of a linguistic sign is associated with two
hypostases of riverLITeLNOY activity: cognitive and discursive," will try to
analyze how language conceptualizes reality within a cultural formation. The work
is based on the idea that the semantic meanings underlying the phraseological units
(FE) of any language reveal the identity of the cultures compared by the means of
the images and value attitudes inherent in them, specific to a particular culture.
Regarding the linguistic space presented by the FE, characterizing the
"comfortable and uncomfortable" state of a person in English and Russian, we will
try to see through the FE to see the law of NOMFNOSTI, embedded in the
relationship between languages and cultures. The unit of study is the
linguoculture, in which the interactions of internal and external laws of the
language, the verbalization of memory and consciousness are fixed and reflected,
the dialectical unity of material and spiritual culture is recorded. Sharing the point
of view of V.V. Vorobyov, by linguoculturem we mean "a complex interlevel unit
that unites form (sign), content (linguistic meaning) and cultural background, halo"
Linguocultura is a cognitive (thought) category directly related to the problem of
language consciousness, meaning and vertical context. In this regard, the meaning
represents the most important constituent of individual consciousness. It is
connected with culture, that is, with the general experience of generations, and is
common to all members of society. In the process of assigning "ready," historically
developed values to a person in communication conditions, his ideas about the
world are formed. When perceiving the world and understanding it, culture acts as
a kind of "filter," as a "coordinate grid," through which reality is presented to a
person. Therefore, knowledge of culture provides the key to understanding the
characteristics of the activity of ethnic consciousness, and language acts as a guide
to understanding culture in a broad sense of the word, including lifestyle, thinking
and feeling. E. Sepir's view of vocabulary as "a very sensitive indicator of the
culture of the people" (Sepir, 1949) remains relevant today. There is an opinion
that national-cultural specificity is especially clearly manifested in the vocabulary
of the secondary nomination - phraseologisms, proverbs, aphorisms, since it is in
them that "myths, legends, customs are preserved" (Maslova v.A., 2001).
Developing according to certain norms and rules, culture expresses itself in the
form of texts, rituals, traditions, patterns of behavior. A person lives and acts
within a certain cultural paradigm. Its traces are present in all spheres of activity of
the individual: ways of communication, way of thinking, peculiarities of attitude to
nature, other people and himself. Since the lexical composition of the language is
most obvious, "directly" reflects fragments of extralinguistic reality (subject -
concept - name), objectifies the emotional phenomenon with various nominative
techniques and formalizes thought constructs by lexical means of direct, secondary
and indirect nomination, this determines the preferred appeal to it. An example of
this is the vocabulary associated with national cuisines (okroshka, cabbage soup,
ear, chowder, sbiten, moonshine in Russian and porridge, shepherd'spie, Jasop &
eggs, mamalade, cobbler, cheny cobbler, bloody Mao - in English). No less vividly
national-specific features can be traced in the name of clothing (sarafan breeches),
the originality of wedding ceremonies (matchmaking, bridegroom, wedding.
wedding), funerals (commemorations), EMOTIONS OF THE PAST (curses, love
explanations), etc. Cultural norms can be violated, ignored, rejected, but they
(consciously or unconsciously) are observed and (consciously or unconsciously)
violated, being different in different cultural systems 1, since the features of the
national mentality. entrenched in the language, transmitted to generations both in
the spiritual appearance of the people (through collective consciousness) and in the
psycholinguocultural perception by the individual of the surrounding reality
(through individual consciousness). Sharing the NO position. Alefirenko, who
considers the linguocultural paradigm as a configurative set of signs formed by
stereotypes of ethnocultural consciousness, and claims that "coding cultural and
historical experience in the meaning of a linguistic sign is associated with two
hypostases of riverLITeLNOY activity: cognitive and discursive," will try to
analyze how language conceptualizes reality within a cultural formation. The work
is based on the idea that the semantic meanings underlying the phraseological units
(FE) of any language reveal the identity of the cultures compared by the means of
the images and value attitudes inherent in them, specific to a particular culture.
Regarding the linguistic space presented by the FE, characterizing the
"comfortable and uncomfortable" state of a person in English and Russian, we will
try to see through the FE to see the law of NOMFNOSTI, embedded in the
relationship between languages and cultures. The unit of study is the
linguoculture, in which the interactions of internal and external laws of the
language, the verbalization of memory and consciousness are fixed and reflected,
the dialectical unity of material and spiritual culture is recorded. Sharing the point
of view of V.V. Vorobyov, by linguoculturem we mean "a complex interlevel unit
that unites form (sign), content (linguistic meaning) and cultural background,
halo". Linguocultura is a cognitive (thought) category directly related to the
problem of language consciousness, meaning and vertical context. In this regard,
the meaning represents the most important constituent of individual consciousness.
It is connected with culture, that is, with the general experience of generations, and
is common to all members of society. In the process of assigning "ready,"
historically developed values to a person in communication conditions, his ideas
about the world are formed. When perceiving the world and understanding it,
culture acts as a kind of "filter," as a "coordinate grid," through which reality is
presented to a person. Therefore, knowledge of culture provides the key to
understanding the characteristics of the activity of ethnic consciousness, and
language acts as a guide to understanding culture in a broad sense of the word,
including lifestyle, thinking and feeling. E. Sepir's view of vocabulary as "a very
sensitive indicator of the culture of the people" (Sepir, 1949) remains relevant
today. There is an opinion that national-cultural specificity is especially clearly
manifested in the vocabulary of the secondary nomination - phraseologisms,
proverbs, aphorisms, since it is in them that "myths, legends, customs are
preserved" (Maslova v.A., 2001). Developing according to certain norms and rules,
culture expresses itself in the form of texts, rituals, traditions, patterns of behavior.
A person lives and acts within a certain cultural paradigm. Its traces are present in
all spheres of activity of the individual: ways of communication, way of thinking,
peculiarities of attitude to nature, other people and himself. Since the lexical
composition of the language is most obvious, "directly" reflects fragments of
extralinguistic reality (subject - concept - name), objectifies the emotional
phenomenon with various nominative techniques and formalizes thought
constructs by lexical means of direct, secondary and indirect nomination, this
determines the preferred appeal to it. An example of this is the vocabulary
associated with national cuisines (okroshka, cabbage soup, ear, chowder, sbiten,
moonshine in Russian and porridge, shepherd'spie, Jasop & eggs, mamalade,
cobbler, cheny cobbler, bloody Mao - in English). No less vividly national-specific
features can be traced in the name of clothing (sarafan breeches), the originality of
wedding ceremonies (matchmaking, bridegroom, wedding. wedding), funerals
(commemorations), EMOTIONS OF THE PAST (curses, love explanations), etc.
Cultural norms can be violated, ignored, rejected, but they (consciously or
unconsciously) are observed and (consciously or unconsciously) violated, being
different in different cultural systems 1, since the features of the national mentality.
entrenched in the language, transmitted to generations both in the spiritual
appearance of the people (through collective consciousness) and in the
psycholinguocultural perception by the individual of the surrounding reality
(through individual consciousness). Sharing the NO position. Alefirenko, who
considers the linguocultural paradigm as a configurative set of signs formed by
stereotypes of ethnocultural consciousness, and claims that "coding cultural and
historical experience in the meaning of a linguistic sign is associated with two
hypostases of riverLITeLNOY activity: cognitive and discursive," will try to
analyze how language conceptualizes reality within a cultural formation. The work
is based on the idea that the semantic meanings underlying the phraseological units
(FE) of any language reveal the identity of the cultures compared by the means of
the images and value attitudes inherent in them, specific to a particular culture.
Regarding the linguistic space presented by the FE, characterizing the
"comfortable and uncomfortable" state of a person in English and Russian, we will
try to see through the FE to see the law of NOMFNOSTI, embedded in the
relationship between languages and cultures. The unit of study is the
linguoculture, in which the interactions of internal and external laws of the
language, the verbalization of memory and consciousness are fixed and reflected,
the dialectical unity of material and spiritual culture is recorded. Sharing the point
of view of V.V. Vorobyov, by linguoculturem we mean "a complex interlevel unit
that unites form (sign), content (linguistic meaning) and cultural background, halo"
Linguocultura is a cognitive (thought) category directly related to the problem of
language consciousness, meaning and vertical context. In this regard, the meaning
represents the most important constituent of individual consciousness. It is
connected with culture, that is, with the general experience of generations, and is
common to all members of society. In the process of assigning "ready," historically
developed values to a person in communication conditions, his ideas about the
world are formed. When perceiving the world and understanding it, culture acts as
a kind of "filter," as a "coordinate grid," through which reality is presented to a
person. Therefore, knowledge of culture provides the key to understanding the
characteristics of the activity of ethnic consciousness, and language acts as a guide
to understanding culture in a broad sense of the word, including lifestyle, thinking
and feeling. E. Sepir's view of vocabulary as "a very sensitive indicator of the
culture of the people" (Sepir, 1949) remains relevant today. There is an opinion
that national-cultural specificity is especially clearly manifested in the vocabulary
of the secondary nomination - phraseologisms, proverbs, aphorisms, since it is in
them that "myths, legends, customs are preserved" (Maslova v.A., 2001). Treating
linguoculturema as a complex conceptual notion does not mean that we have
abandoned the leading role of its linguistic description. On the contrary, it seems a
necessary condition for identifying conceptual foundations in achieving the main
goal - the systematization of language markers. Since the national specificity of
any language is a multifaceted phenomenon, the study was carried out on the basis
of identifying the value of the FE, comparing the images underlying it in two
languages and studying the lexical composition of the FE, taking into account its
grammatical organization. The psychologist P.M. Jacobson believed that "...
process of understanding of feelings by all means assumes his designation, the
name his corresponding word; only in this case the had feeling can be realized" 4
Certainly and the fact that acts can't be separated from emotions which in different
languages verbalizutsya with different degree of intensity. The language selectivity
at verbalization of a concrete fragment of the world is determined by cultural
relevance of the considered world segment including mental. Discomfort the
negative emotions causing suffering, grief, grief, etc. are the cornerstone of
different force. Various feelings can be the cause of such state (both physical, and
moral, or physical as a result and continuation of moral — "a disease from a
grief"). At physical sufferings the occasion (pain, hunger, cold) at the same time
can be also the reason. An illustration to they are phraseological units: the head
cracks and breaks — go off one's nut — a headache'; tighten the belt — live close
to one's belly tnonke.y's allowance — 'to starve'. At moral sufferings any situation
can be an essential occasion anything: it became an inveterate drunkard, ruined, I
came to grief, it was lost in cards, the firm was ruined, unsuccessfully there was
family life, robbed, stopped loving, didn't hire, bypassed an award... It finds
reflection in FE: I reached the handle; it appeared at the bottom; soul pines and
heart is covered with blood — get the cheese; touch bott0T, • hold and candle T
devil; smb t be .hill of beans. etc. Carrying a linguocultureme "discomfort" to
number emotional, and the concepts making it to number of emotional concepts,
we will define the last as the three-component structure consisting of a concept. an
image and cultural value, we will also consider this phenomenon in dynamics of
his functioning in cultural and verbal space of the English and Russian languages.
In the Russian language consciousness лингвокул a turema 'discomfort'
verbalizutsya by lexemes suffering, fear, grief, a grief, offense, anger, etc. In Old
Russian language the lexeme suffering included signs 'to try, to try to obtain', to
Live in misery ', ' nervousness', 'concern' that substantially connects it with him.
Angst 'fear', фр. angoisse' melancholy 'fear', 'alarm', English anguish 'acute pain',
'suffering', having the similar substantial basis going from armor. angustia
'narrowness', 'narrowness of space'. It is curious to note that the suffering goes back
to the station - settlement of a stradata and has literally something in common with
Serbo-Croatian stradat, with it is nice. stradati 'live in misery'; with other - исл.
strit 'hard work'. The dictionary by V.I. Dahl also connects a lexeme to suffer with
hard work — 'to mow hay', 'to reap a crop'. Yu.S. Stepanov expresses opinion on
etymological communication of a verb to suffer with a lexeme passion (Yu.S.
Stepanov, 1997). L.V. Stolbovaya. Comparison of identity of cultures through the
analysis of phraseological units. Believing that all volume of conceptual
maintenance of a linguocultureme 'discomfort' can be implemented both through
straight lines, and through the indirect nominations and can be expressed not only a
word, a phrase, but also the whole text, is represented important to find out how
this contents, what his nature, what her place in sphere of concepts of language
collective is structured. 'Discomfort' is the cornerstone of a linguocultureme
impracticability of any desire, his absence or inaccessibility. It can do
прояњляться in external things, such as money, communications, work, glory, etc.
In the nature there are no negative or positive things. We through the attitude
towards them make them such. The ambivalence (discomfort' it is put in the
cultural scenario of this feeling, always assumes aspiration to the best and therefore
is an incentive to action. However if to tell about a lexeme discomfort and her
derivatives, then it in any context is followed by a negative connotation. The
linguocultureme of 'discomfort' in English can be presented by lexemes with
abstract value: grief, sormw, tmuble, misformne, disaster, fear, hunger, hwniliation
etc. The description of emotions and their interpretation — a difficult task as,
unlike mental conditions which verbalizutsya easily by the subject, "it is very
difficult for emotion to transfer to a word" (Yu.D. Apresyan, Golovnivsky MK.).
Meanings of word designating emotions are closely connected with each other and
are quite strongly blocked. The Emotivny markirovannost of a lexeme Discomfort
is projected on all maintenance of a linguocultureme and is implemented both at
the level of semantic structures of consciousness, and at the level of meanings of
the speech. We will tell if in consciousness of the native speaker 'discomfort'
predstavmt itself set of such states as sensation of fear, hunger, alarm, grief,
hopelessness, boredom, etc., then in the concrete speech act, as a rule, some certain
emotivny sense which is updated is put in the forefront. Other emotivny meanings,
though are present at consciousness of the native speaker, at present remain not
updated. For example: "" Oh, as terribly! Oh, as I was frightened! I all shiver as an
aspen leaf. I shiver for horror!" ironically I spoke Cumans" — 'fear' M.A.
DIolohov. A virgin soil upturned] (cf.: To shiver from cold). "... they seemed T his
life very hwndrwn" monotony' [Maugham S. Nitap bondagel (compare: "to be
engaged in hwn-drwn tasks" — 'boredom'). As everything syuzhetno organized
texts represent semantic systems (Brudny, l998) which, directly or indirectly
adjoining to reality, influence consciousness of the person, for identification of
emotivny meanings we addressed fiction: "At me whistles in pockets and there is
nothing to leave" (Hereinafter in quotes our italics. — Hp) [A.P. Chekhov. Letter
EXPERT. To Suvorin]; "At Pavel the heart stood, hair bristled at this thought"
[Pisemsky And O. People of the fortieth years]; "Vanka Prince — from goli-roll-
down, on seven one homespun coat" [V. Tendryakov. Short circuit]; "Three days
in exactly poppy dewdrop in a mouth wasn't" [Sholokhov MA. Quiet Don]; "And
these orders were so sharp that at many knee tendons shivered" [Novikov-Priboy
A.S. Kapitan of the first rank]; "I hair tore from disappointment" [Dostoyevsky
F.M. Unizhennye and offended]; "What are you silent, the fighter? Language was
taken away?" [Gray-haired K. Dauriyag, "It it is imperceptible for itself under a
boot at the wife" [Kuprin. A.I. Molokh]; "Phjlip nursed his wrath till the next
halfholiday" [Maugham S. Nitap Bondagel; "l don't think of an uoa' re inproper
Stalemate of mind to enter the House of God" [Maugham S. Nitap Bondage]; "' At
ои remember, Fleur? The young Englishman I met at Mount Vemon '.' Ships
thatpass in the .night! 'said of Nei" [Galsworthy. Ј. Swan Song]; "'I want [about
know, what's the meaning of that expression "got his goat?' 'Oh, raised his danger.
[Galsworthy. I. Пе MopKeu's White]; "l'm not going of t live under her thurnb"
[Trollope A. The Last Chronicle of Barset]. Language markers of a
linguocultureme 'discomfort' in the English and Russian languages (taking into
account the revealed conceptual signs and images) are presented in the table.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Metaphorizations of FE in different languages, naturally, are taken different
external signs as a principle. It is caused by the fact that in different ethnic groups
"the" idea of the world is created. The conceptual signs shown by the table which
are the cornerstone of a linguocultureme 'discomfort' in the English and Russian
languages can be considered as the meanings passing through "the filter of
mentality" speaking and listening and to be interpreted from a position of national
and cultural knowledge. From one party, the marked-out meanings can be referred
to dictionary interpretation of value as "lack of comfort" or as "expectation of
something that makes one's life uncomfortable" (in English language) and
"poverty, fear, expectation of a trouble, etc." (in a Russian language), and with
another — to assume that these signs predetermine the culturological importance
of FE. We will consider it on the example of FE: To be (to be) under a boot at
someone / ю be under stnb. 's thumb. The table Language markers of a
linguocultureme 'discomfort' in the English and Russian languages. Language
markers Conceptual signs Images heart stood hair bristled голь roll-down on seven
one homespun coat of a poppy dewdrop in a mouth there were no knee tendons
shivered to tear hair LANGUAGE was taken away to be under a boot whistles in
pockets that for him that in to get one's goat to nurse one's wrath in proper of mind
ships that pass in the night to live under smb's thumb water fear fear poverty
poverty hunger fear nervousness fear humiliation lack of money hopelessness of
irritation anger and bad state smth. passed lightly be depressed by smb. heart hair
tumbleweed of 7 people and the I homespun coat dewdrop, droplet parts of a body
hair which tear cotton language a heel, the wife, the chief a pocket, whistle water,
somebody get, goat feed, baby, breast frame, mental ability ships, night, time
under, thumb condemnation of pathetic behavior. In the existing system of welfare
values of the Russian linguocultural community in which Gorky phrase "The
person — it sounds it is proud!" it is fixed in memory of the majority and forms the
requirement: Given the fact that the psycho-visual image of the subject is not
identical to the language image (as a product of "visual generalization, selection of
culturally significant events and situations"), we will try to subject the FE data to
cognitive-discursive interpretation. The denotative information concluded in the
FE that someone is fully subordinate to someone causes a negative attitude towards
what is happening and forms a negative assessment of a person who allows himself
to be humiliated. The inner form of the FE, the conceptual sign embedded in it,
"paints" the image of a limp and timid personality under the heel of someone (wife
or boss). In FE, the associative and semantic image of the "heel" (in Russian) and
"thumb" (in English) is represented, where the "heel" and "thumb" act as a
standard of how an insect can be crushed to press and destroy. The fact. that
anyone can be in the place of this insect, generates negative emoTIVE-OCeNIGHT
information and causes "Do not let yourself be humiliated," gives the meaning of
the PE in question an expression of socio-cultural significance. L.V. Stolbovaya.
Comparison of cultural identity through phraseology analysis. The analysis of FEs
obtained as a result of a sample of English and Russian phraseological dictionaries
made it possible to distinguish several rather stable trends in the expression of the
orientation of the feeling of suffering (Discomfort) in Russian and English and
present them in the form of cognitive classifiers that make it possible to interpret
the figuratively motivated aspect of meaning. The FE language markers and their
conceptual features were grouped into the following subgroups: "poor physical
condition," "hunger," "fear," "fatigue," "difficult financial situation," "despair," and
drills. One of the largest groups turned out to be the FE group, represented by
verbal combinations with the conceptual sign "the humiliated position of a person
in society": get the pink slip - to be fired; yu eat dirt/humble pie/crow/dog - To fall
into humiliation; bear a low salr, get the bwn's nash - be kicked out, etc. Although
the primary goal of our study was to analyze language images, it is equally
important to obtain data on their motivation and the nature of their implementation
in the FE. The FEs in question were divided into three groups. The first group
included those FEs, the conceptual images of which completely coincide in
Russian and English, such as: t such both ends rneet - Let's end with CONChI, • t
see everything in pink - viChild all in pink. To the second - FE, the conceptual
images of which partially differ in English and Russian, although they are used in
similar situations. For example: tofish in troubled waters - to fish in muddy water;
be born with a silver spoon in one's tnuth - Go in a shirt; T be at the end ofone's tre
- at least climb into a loop. The third group includes FEs that do not have
correspondences in both languages. There are many phraseologisms, and the
originality of cultures is highlighted with the greatest brightness. This is quite
understandable by the national-cultural specifics of their origin. For example, if the
FE flies into the pipe - 'go broke' can be attributed to the national-specific Russian
image associated with the performance 'a witch flying into a pipe on a broom ',
then the mythical image of the' frightening sea abyss', manifested in the FE to be in
great straits; to be at а low ebb; t be in deep waterr, in which the meaning of being
in trouble ',' experiencing financial difficulties', etc. is transmitted, should be
attributed to the original English. The use of marine vocabulary and imagery is
explained by the habitat of native speakers of the island nation. From the above, it
can be concluded that the totality of linguistic and conceptual images reveals the
semantic potential of the linguoculture 'discomfort' in both languages and
contributes to the identification of universal and ethnospecific in comparable
cultures.
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