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Spotlight-on-Uzbekistan

The Way Forward 
The erasure of the toxic legacy of Uzbek cotton will require more explicit political reforms if the 
government is to successfully coax international brands to re-enter the Uzbek market. Even 
conservative ILO estimates of 102,000 forced cotton pickers during the 2019 harvest do not impart a 
message of confidence to would-be buyers of Uzbek cotton, no matter how the numbers are 
packaged.
434
 Apparel companies conduct extensive due diligence which go beyond the use of forced 
labour. They include ethical and social indicators to assess the risk of human rights violations in their 
supply chains. The European Union (EU) has recently taken a further step to strengthen corporate 
accountability, raising the bar higher for those wishing to do business in countries that lack 
democratic oversight.
435
  
 
If the government is to create a business-friendly environment that guarantees transparency, 
accountability and rule of law and gives assurances to brands and retailers, it must urgently 
acknowledge that sustainable reform cannot be achieved in the absence of a vibrant and 
empowered civil society. Without independent trade unions, transparency, rule of law, 
accountability and registered non-governmental organisations (NGOs) free from government 
interference, there are no voices other than a handful of courageous human rights defenders with 
the ability to monitor and report on forced labour and other human rights abuses in the sector. This 
point was reinforced in a recent joint article by representatives of the United States (US) Fashion 
Industry Association and the American Apparel & Footwear Association in which they argue that 
                                                           
432
 Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights, They Said We Wouldn’t Have to Pick and Now They Send us to the Fields, April 2019, 
https://www.uzbekforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Cotton_Harvest_2018_Klein_Mail.pdf 
433
 Agnieszka Pikulicka-Wilczewska, Uzbekistan seeks end of cotton boycott as virus weighs on economy, AlJazeera, April 2020, 
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/uzbekistan-seeks-cotton-boycott-virus-weighs-economy-200416074105140.html 
434
 International Labour Organization, Third-party monitoring of child labour and forced labour during the 2019 cotton harvest in 
Uzbekistan, February 2020, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---ipec/documents/publication/wcms_735873.pdf 
435
 Publications Office of the EU, Study on due diligence requirements through the supply chain, April 2020, 
https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/8ba0a8fd-4c83-11ea-b8b7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en 


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
114 
 
“ending the boycott must be matched with more ironclad commitments for responsible sourcing 
and investment that respect labour and human rights in the country.”
436
 
 
President Mirziyoyev should heed that sage advice and legitimise the participation of civil society to 
foster a business environment that respects human rights. Mirziyoyev’s track record shows a less 
determined inclination to do so. Since coming to power, only one single independent human rights 
organisation has been registered, the second since 2003. Independent initiative groups are rejected 
time and again for failing to comply with the cumbersome registration process and are often 
subjected to threats and harassment by the authorities.
437
  
 
The initiative group Chiroq, founded by an Uzbek Forum monitor in Karakalpakstan, not only had its 
application to register rejected twice, but was the target of a concerted effort by the authorities to 
prevent its members from meeting with Cotton Campaign delegates while they visited the region in 
February this year. Uzbek Forum published a chronology of incidents Chiroq has experienced in its 
attempts to be legitimately registered as an NGO.
438
 In a recent troubling incident on June 8
th
, four 
human rights defenders were arbitrarily detained while monitoring child labour in cotton weeding in 
the Namangan region.
439
 The activists were forcibly tested for COVID-19 and placed under police-
supervised quarantine, an action that appeared intended to limit their monitoring, not protect public 
health. This year, the government will draft a new NGO code, providing a unique opportunity to 
send a strong, clear message to civil society that reform can go beyond the economy. Indeed, an 
empowered and enabled civil society is one of the core objectives laid out in a roadmap of reforms 
to eradicate forced labour developed by the Cotton Campaign and shared with the Uzbek 
government.
440
 
 
Uzbekistan’s cotton sector has become something of a bellwether of the speed and success of the 
government’s reform process. The 2020 cotton harvest will be a real test of the Uzbek government’s 
ability to eliminate forced labour in the cotton sector, although the use of forced labour is still 
commonplace in other sectors such as silk and public works.
441
  
 
In order to move forward, it is essential to acknowledge the past, much as President Mirziyoyev did 
in 2017 when he finally acknowledged the existence of forced labour. By doing so, he was able to lay 
the groundwork and usher in the changes that are taking place today. The same signals must now be 
given to civil society to ensure that these reforms result in meaningful changes for ordinary Uzbek 
citizens and not just a select elite. While it would be premature to encourage brands to return to 
Uzbekistan while forced labour persists, the potential development of a responsible sourcing 
framework in which an empowered Uzbek civil society could take up the reins in monitoring 
workers’ rights might just give brands the assurances they need. That is surely an opportunity the 
Uzbek government cannot pass up. 
                                                           
436
 Julia K. Hughes and Nate Herman, It’s not Time to End the Uzbek Cotton Boycott Yet, Foreign Policy, May 2020, 
https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/28/uzbek-international-cotton-boycott/ 
437
 Uzbek Forum for Human Rights, Failure to Register – Please Submit Again: Uzbek Human Rights NGO Rejected Once More, April 2020, 
https://www.uzbekforum.org/failure-to-register-please-submit-again-uzbek-human-rights-ngo-rejected-once-more/ 
438
 Uzbek Forum for Human Rights, Tricks, Threats and Deception: Registering an NGO in Uzbekistan, March 2020, 
https://www.uzbekforum.org/tricks-threats-and-deception-registering-an-ngo-in-uzbekistan/ 
439
 Uzbek Forum for Human Rights, Human Rights Activists Isolated for 14 Days After Monitoring Cotton Fields, June 2020, 
https://www.uzbekforum.org/human-rights-activists-isolated-for-14-days-after-monitoring-cotton-fields/ 
440
 Cotton Campaign, A Roadmap of Reforms to End State-Sponsored Forced Labor, June 2019, http://www.cottoncampaign.org/a-
roadmap-of-reforms-to-end-state-sponsored-forced-labor-in-uzbekistan.html 
441
 Uzbek Forum for Human Rights, Uzbek Farmer: I would be glad to refuse to grow cocoons, June 
2018,https://www.uzbekforum.org/uzbek-farmer-i-would-be-glad-to-refuse-to-grow-cocoons/; Uzbek Forum has documented a 
consistent pattern of officials ordering citizens to undertake forced labor tasks including community maintenance and beautification, 
street cleaning, wheat harvesting and collection of scrap metal and paper; Solidarity Centre and Uzbek-German Forum, There Is No Work 
We Haven’t Done: Forced Labor of Public-Sector Employees in Uzbekistan, February 2019, https://www.solidaritycenter.org/wp-
content/uploads/2019/02/Uzbekistan.Forced-Labor-in-Public-Sector-Report.English.1.2019.pdf 


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
115 
 
10. Rehabilitation here and now: Pursuing transitional 
justice in Uzbekistan 
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