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Transitional Justice and Andijan



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Spotlight-on-Uzbekistan

Transitional Justice and Andijan 
Any discussion about transitional justice in Uzbekistan would be incomplete without consideration 
of the most collective trauma in the country’s recent history and the defining event of Islam 
Karimov’s 27-year rule: the Andijan massacre. 
 
On May 13
th
, 2005, government forces opened fire on thousands of mostly peaceful protesters in 
the central square in the town of Andijan, a city in the Fergana Valley in eastern Uzbekistan. The 
protesters had gathered to speak out against poverty, unemployment, and government repression, 
and to call on the government to respond to their plight.  
 
Earlier on the day of the protest, armed men had freed 23 local businessmen who had been 
sentenced for ‘religious extremism’, and took over local government buildings. As the thousands of 
protesters gathered, government forces in armored vehicles (APCs) and snipers fired without 
warning and indiscriminately on the crowd of civilians, blocking off the square as people attempted 
to flee, killing hundreds. Although a small group of gunmen were on the square, the overwhelming 
majority of demonstrators were unarmed. Government troops then moved through the square and 
executed wounded people where they lay. 
 
Government agents made no apparent effort to limit the use of lethal force to situations where it 
was strictly unavoidable to protect lives, as required by international law. The United Nations and 
other intergovernmental organisations found that the government had used lethal force excessively. 
 
Following the massacre, the Uzbek government rejected all efforts to allow an independent inquiry 
and sought to rewrite the history of that day, unleashing a ferocious crackdown against any 
attempts to expose the truth about the brutal killings or seek accountability. Although eyewitness 
accounts and other evidence point to more than 700 killed, Uzbek authorities claimed only 187 were 
killed and blamed Islamists and unnamed Western powers for planning a coup. In the following 
months, hundreds were sentenced to up to 22 years in jail during trials critics called government-
orchestrated and anyone suspected of having participated in the events or witnessing them was 
targeted for persecution. 
 
Karimov’s fierce rejection of calls for independent investigation into the massacre led the US and 
European Union (EU) to strengthen sanctions on Uzbekistan for several years, setting in motion the 
en masse expulsion of international NGOs from the country and a deep period of political and 
economic isolation for millions of ordinary Uzbeks. Only with Karimov’s death in August 2016 has 
Uzbekistan begun to slowly emerge from the stagnation and deep climate of fear that resulted from 
Andijan.    
                                                           
461
 See Eurasianet, Uzbekistan sparks hope with registration of NGOs, March 2020,  
https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-sparks-hope-with-registration-of-ngos
 


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
125 
 
 
Truth-telling and public discussion about the Andijan massacre are deeply important 15 years after 
the events. In public remarks delivered during his May 2017 historic visit to Tashkent the then UN 
High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein also underlined the importance of 
ensuring accountability for the ‘terrible events’ in Andijan that day. “While it is important to look 
forward, it is also important to come to terms with past events and ensure that victims are not 
forgotten and their grievances are addressed,” he said.
462
 
 
There was a slight shift in the official tone earlier this year when Deputy Prosecutor General Svetlana 
Artykova gave an interview to a local outlet, Qalampir.uz, in which she appeared to concede that 
excessive force was deployed.
463
 The remarks made by Artykova, who was the spokeswoman for the 
prosecutor’s office in May 2005, could only have been made with approval from above. 
 
When asked if weapons were used by government forces against civilians, Artykova answered that 
there had been no clear coordination between troops and the national leadership and that this was 
why “a certain number of citizens died during the rally.” 
 
Some officials found responsible for unlawful killing were convicted and some were already out of 
prison, Artykova claimed. This was the first time any Uzbek official has alleged that any officials were 
imprisoned for their involvement in the Andijan events. Last month, following the gruesome death 
by torture of Andijan businessman Alijon Abdukarimov, Uzbek MP Gulrukh Agzamova from the 
Adolat (Justice) party also referenced the Andijan events when condemning the actions of the 
Internal Affairs officers who committed torture.
464
 
 
These allusions to Andijan are from an official inquiry but may signal a readiness on the part of 
officials to revisit the Andijan massacre’s painful history. Beyond the importance of providing justice 
and accountability to the victims and their families, an impartial, independent investigation and 
truth commission are necessary to establish an accurate historical record and could contribute to 
national healing and cohesion. Understanding the tragedy of Andijan in an open, accessible format is 
essential for helping Uzbekistan make a transition to a more open and democratic society.  
 

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