Spotlight on Uzbekistan
20
Many of the building projects from the last few years have failed to clearly show that land being
appropriated for investment purposes provides a clear public, rather than private, benefit and the
requirement for residents consent has often not been met. Time will tell if changes in practice rather
than on paper can be delivered and sustained, but controversies have continued, for example the
cases of Khushnud Gojibnazarov in January 2020 and Muqaddas Mustafoev in February 2020 who
set themselves alight in protest at demolition plans.
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One ongoing point of tension, relevant to the
Mustafoev case, is the decision of the Government to pursue demolition of
properties deemed to be
built illegally on agricultural land, otherwise without permission or where state records are
incomplete.
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The Government conducted an Amnesty in 2018, which formalised the status of
500,000 homes, despite this 28,000 homes believed to be illegal remain and had been marked to be
demolished in 2020 prior to the COVID 19 crisis.
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Farida Charif, a Tashkent based housing activist has been on the front line of protests against some
of the Uzbekistan more controversial developments. Her Facebook group, Tashkent Demolition
which provides mutual aid and legal advice to those facing demolition, has attracted more than
21,000 members protesting the demolition of the city’s historic Mahallas and other properties.
While she has not been directly targeted for her activism her son was kidnapped and beaten by
people pretending to be from the SNB who tried to make him provide apology video for his activism,
as yet there has been no progress from prosecutors in resolving the case.
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The construction boom has also been blamed for the widespread removal of trees from public
spaces across the city to be used as building materials or to make way for new developments, to
widespread public anger. Such removals have included both outright tree theft and applications to
local officials for their removal, processes not always subject to significant public oversight or
consultation. The Government has begun to respond with fines for identified perpetrators and a
Presidential Moratorium on the removal of certain trees.
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The housing situation intersects with Uzbekistan’s long-standing lack of political
freedoms in the
case of the Soviet era policy of Propiska (residential permit), internal restrictions on freedom of
movement that legally specify where a citizen is allowed to live and access government services
(such as health and education).
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The system prevents people legally moving their permanent
residence without official permission, leading to a situation where only five per cent of people in
Uzbekistan were living in regions other than where they were born.
87
In practice the scheme acts to
limit the legal flow of people from Uzbekistan’s regions into Tashkent, encouraging both high and
low skilled migrants from the regions to seek opportunities abroad rather than migrating to their
national capital. Currently the ability to permanently move to Tashkent is restricted to those working
in specific Government Agencies, those who can be sponsored by existing residents (such as through
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Vladimir Rozanskij, Another woman sets herself on fire to save her home, AsiaNews.it, February 2020, http://asianews.it/news-
en/Another-woman-sets-herself-on-fire-to-save-her-home-49359.html
82
Fergane.News, A resident of Kashkadarya set herself on fire in protest against the demolition of her house, February 2020,
https://fergana.ru/news/115308/
83
Fergana.News, Uzbek Justice Ministry hints at new wave of illegal buildings demolitions, February 2020,
https://en.fergana.ru/news/115498/
84
ACCA, Uzbekistan: no elements of crime were found in kidnapping and torture of blogger, February 2020,
https://acca.media/en/uzbekistan-no-elements-of-crime-were-found-in-kidnapping-and-torture-of-blogger/; JfJ, Attacks on journalists,
bloggers and media workers in the Central Asia and Azerbaijan, 2017-2019, https://jfj.fund/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Joint-CA-report-
ENG.pdf
85
Eurasianet, Uzbekistan: Tree-lovers score win in battle against developers, February 2020, https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-tree-
lovers-score-win-in-battle-against-developers
86
The Propsiska system was in fact strengthened in the post-Soviet period over its predecessor so that as of 1999 it became almost
impossible for outsiders to gain residency in Tashkent.
87
William Seitz, Free Movement and Affordable Housing: Public Preferences for Reform in Uzbekistan, The World Bank, January 2020,
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/595891578495293475/pdf/Free-Movement-and-Affordable-Housing-Public-Preferences-
for-Reform-in-Uzbekistan.pdf
Spotlight on Uzbekistan
21
marriage) and those who have purchased a new house built in the last three years
to encourage
investment in the construction industry.
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After repeated public pronouncements in previous years only lead only to superficial changes in his
January 2020 State of the Nation speech Mirziyoyev announced a further effort to reform the
system, describing the system as ‘shackling’ Uzbekistan’s citizens, giving the Cabinet and Parliament
the deadline of April 1
st
2020 to find a solution. However, by March it became clear that the
Government’s approach was to replace one form of registration (the Propiska) with a new form of
residential registration, though the draft produced in mid-March was returned for further revision
after the initial public backlash.
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The version introduced in April amended the previous system by
extending the possible length of temporary registration from one to five years,
allowing people who
bought any property (not just new property) in Tashkent to obtain a new residency registration, and
expanding the ability of Tashkent residents to sponsor the registration a wider range of out of town
family members, also enabling them to be housed in other homes owned by the existing resident
rather than just with them in their primary residence. This means that ability to move permanently
to Tashkent is still restricted people able to afford to buy property or who have relatives living there,
leaving those on lower incomes reliant on the more precarious temporary registrations, which were
only formally opened to non-residents who had been offered a job in 2019. Such comparatively
modest changes to such a controversial system are unlikely to mollify public pressure for change.
The World Bank had joined the chorus of disproval at the previous system with a recent policy paper
highlighting how the Propiska system locked in unemployment and underemployment in
Uzbekistan’s regions while supressing the potential for economic growth in the capital.
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Supporters of the current restrictions argue it helps the government manage pressure on housing
and public services, which in turn raises questions as to why the new wave of construction has not
led to the significant delivery of new social infrastructure (such as schools, clinics or public
amenities) or more affordable housing. The system for determining such contributions seems in
practice to be ad hoc arrangements between local authorities and developers, with Tashkent City
conspicuous by its lack of provision of
facilities to support families, as pointed out in Matyakubova’s
essay in this collection. There could be considerable benefits in making transparent requirements of
developers to provide support for social infrastructure and affordable housing as part of the
planning approval process,
processes that require much greater public involvement prior to official
consent for developments are given. Uzbekistan could look at the UK’s different systems for
providing social infrastructure such as the Community Infrastructure Levy (a cash payment made
directly to local authorities for them to provide infrastructure, provided in the Uzbek context
transparency could be achieved to ensure the money was subsequently spent correctly) and Section
106 (where developers directly build social infrastructure and other modifications for the benefit of
the local community to their developments).
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Alternatively Uzbekistan could explore models of land
value capture, used to social infrastructure and low-cost housing in Hong Kong, and that are
becoming increasingly popular in Australia.
88
Umida Hashimova, The Unattainable Uzbek Propiska, The Diplomat, December 2018, https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/the-
unattainable-uzbek-propiska/; Kun.uz, Permanent registration: income or income? What about human rights? December 2018,
https://kun.uz/news/2018/12/02/doimij-propiska-takikmi-eki-daromad-inson-ukuklarici
89
Eurasianet, Uzbekistan: Planned Propiska changes slammed by public, March 2020, https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-planned-propiska-
changes-slammed-by-public; Fergana.News, Uzbek draft law proposes abolition of “Propiska”system, April 2020,
https://en.fergana.ru/news/116825/; Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of The Republic of Uzbekistan, On further simplification of the
procedure for permanent registration and registration of citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the city of Tashkent and Tashkent region,
ID-15922, Regulation.gov.uz, March 2020, https://regulation.gov.uz/uz/document/15922
90
William Seitz, Free Movement and Affordable Housing Public Preferences for Reform in Uzbekistan, The World Bank, January 2020,
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/595891578495293475/pdf/Free-Movement-and-Affordable-Housing-Public-Preferences-
for-Reform-in-Uzbekistan.pdf;
Catherine Putz, William Seitz on Uzbekistan’s Propiska Problem, The Diplomat, February 2020,
https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/william-seitz-on-uzbekistans-propiska-problem/
91
GOV.UK, Guidance: Community Infrastructure Levy, June 2014 (updated September 2019), https://www.gov.uk/guidance/community-
infrastructure-levy; LGA, S106 obligations overview, https://www.local.gov.uk/pas/pas-topics/infrastructure/s106-obligations-overview
Spotlight on Uzbekistan
22
The World Bank report also highlights how the high cost of housing, particularly in Tashkent, creates
further social and economic bottlenecks. As it stands around 95 per cent of Uzbeks own their own
home, and this includes designated low income housing provided with low purchase costs supported
by low interest mortgages.
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However as the World Bank shows it is extremely difficult for citizens to
get on the property ladder in Tashkent given the unaffordability of new property, where the city
ranks as less affordable in relative terms than hotspots such as London and San Francisco.
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Overcoming cultural and practical impediments to renting (such as pressure to stay with
family if
people are unable to afford to buy), both for market and social rents, could create greater flexibility
in the Tashkent housing market to respond to the loosening of the residential registration
requirements. Facilitating the expansion of a broader private rented sector could also help bring
unoccupied new build properties that are being purchased for investment purposes into the active
housing supply, something that may require the growth of professional letting agents and property
management companies where the owners are not able to market and manage the properties for
rent themselves.
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