Spotlight on Uzbekistan
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to seven years, thereby removing it as a childcare option for families of two year olds and making it
harder for the primary caregiver (almost always women) from returning to work.
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This links to a
system of maternity leave which provides 126 days (somewhat oddly spaced split to give more time-
70- days prior to birth than after 56 days) of leave paid by the employer, followed by the option of
unpaid leave until the child reaches the age of three. Similarly the progressive elimination of forced
labour leading to a rise in higher paid male cotton pickers displacing women who had previously
been employed (including those doing work on behalf of others who paid to get out of forced
labour). It is important to note however that the specific focus on preventing the use of teaching and
health care workers as forced labour gives particular protections for women.
Women in rural communities often find themselves responsible for managing the family’s Tomorqa
(backyard/subsistence smallholding) and lack of access to water can lead to a disproportionate
impact on women in collecting it. Rural Communities disproportionately deal with the challenge for
women around labour migration. The average age of marriage is 21-22 years and, while forced
marriage does exist, there are wider problems around pressure to marry early. A combination of
culture pressure and the housing crisis often leads to many new wives being forced to move in with
her husband’s parents. This creates a particular challenge in cases, as is often the case in rural
communities where the husband may be required to become a migrant worker. These arrangements
that can last for many years and often become permanent. In the context of low spousal loyalty due
to early or pressured marriage, it is often the parents who are the direct recipients of remittance
payments and there have been many cases where the wives are forced out of their in-laws homes
and made homeless when their migrant husbands have decided to start new families in Russia or
elsewhere.
Domestic violence remains a significant problem (with claims that 90 per cent of women have faced
some form of domestic violence) that has until recently not been talked about (and even then with
narrow focus on physical violence and deprivation of liberty rather than the full range of domestic
abuse). The work done by Irina Matvienko, the creator of the independent information project
Nemolchi.uz (Don’t Be Silent) mentioned above has been extremely effective in drawing the
attention of the Government and international community to these issues.
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On September 2
nd
2019, President Mirziyoyev signed the 'Protection of Women from Harassment and Violence Act and
the Guarantees of Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men Act, as part of a wider range
of initiatives towards gender equality in.
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Although the law, which sought to provide additional
support for women bringing forward cases of domestic violence, came into effect immediately there
had been delays in the regulatory changes required to bring key elements into force.
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While there is pressure amongst some in elite circles to improve gender equality there is also
countervailing pressure from both gradually growing nationalist movements that are using social
media (Telegram and Facebook) to promoting ideas of ‘Uzbek national values’ which include
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Norma, Admission to Kindergartens – From 3 Years, August 2017,
https://www.norma.uz/novoe_v_zakonodatelstve/priem_v_detskie_sady_-_s_3-h_let
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