Bilet 83 имтиҳон билети №83 The features of adverbs. An adverbial can be an adverb phrase, prepositional phrase or noun phrase. Luckily

1 An adverbial can have these forms.

Adverb phrase: You were going very slowly.

We wanted to get back.

Prepositional phrase: Catherine wasn't at home.

You saw the police car in front of you.

Noun phrase: We wanted to get home.

It happened last week.

2 Sometimes an adverbial is necessary to complete a sentence.

Catherine was with a babysitter. We'd been to the cinema.

But very often the adverbial is an extra element.

I can remember very well. You saw the police car in front of you.

For details, • 12.

Putting in an extra adverbial adds something to the meaning. For example, it can

tell us how, when or where something happened.

3 An adverbial can modify different parts of the sentence.

The car in front of us was a police car.

You were getting really impatient.

They were going very slowly.

They inspected the car thoroughly.

Then you decided to overtake.

Here the adverbials add information about the noun car, the adjective impatient,

the adverb slowly, the action inspected the car and the clause you decided.

Adverb forms

1. 
   Some adverbs are unrelated to other words, e.g. always, soon, very, perhaps.
   

But many adverbs are formed from an adjective + ly, e.g. quick quickly,

certain certainly.

NOTE

There are some spelling rules for adverbs in ly.

Y changing to i: easy easily • 294

Adjectives ending in consonant + le: probable probably • 292(5)

Adjectives ending in ic: magic magically • 292(5)

2. 
   We cannot add ly to an adjective which already ends in ly. Instead we can either
   

use a prepositional phrase with manner/way/fashion, or we can use another

adverb.

We received a friendly greeting. They greeted us in a friendly manner.

NOT friendlily

That isn't very likely. That probably won't happen.

Some adjectives in ly are friendly, lively, lovely, silly, ugly, cowardly, lonely, costly,

likely.

NOTE

Some adjectives ending in ed have no adverb form.

The woman stared in astonishment, NOT astonishedly

But those ending in ted can take an ly ending.

The crowd shouted excitedly.

3. 
   Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives.
   

Adjective Adverb

Louise caught the fast train. The train was going quite fast.

We didn't have a long wait. We didn't have to wait long.

I had an early night. I went to bed early.

Other adverbs like this are walk straight, sit still and bend low. For hard, hardly,

late, lately etc, • (5).

4. 
   Sometimes the adverb can be with or without ly. It is more informal to leave out ly.
   

You can buy cassettes cheap/cheaply in the market.

Do you have to talk so loud/loudly?

Get there as quick/quickly as you can.

Go slow/slowly here.

Cheap(ly), loud(ly), quick(ly) and slow(ly) are the most common. Others are

direct(ly), tight(ly) and fair(ly). For American usage, • 305(2).

NOTE

a We use the form without ly only in common expressions, e.g. talk so loud, go slow,