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eumk teoreticheskaya fonetika 2014

approximants
(
liquids
and 
glides
). Voiceless sounds may be 
aspirated
or 
unaspirated
. Approximants may be 
trills
or 
flaps
; they may be 
central
or 
lateral
. Voiceless consonants are believed to be pronounced 
with greater force (
fortis
) in comparison with voiced consonants which are weaker (
lenis
). 
English voiced consonants lose voice distinction in the word-initial position and, partially, in 
the word-final position. Russian voiced consonants become fully devoiced in the word-final 
position. English loss of voice distinction is compensated by aspiration of truly voiceless (fortis) 
consonants in the word-initial position before a stressed vowel. In the word-final position the loss of 
voice is compensated by the length of the preceding vowel. 
The following features are 
distinctive
for consonants: type of obstruction (manner of 
articulation), place of articulation and active organ of speech and force of articulation. 
LECTURE 4 
THE CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH VOWELS 
1.
The classification of English vowels: general overview 
2.
The function of quantity and quality in the system of English vowels 
3.
The main components of vowel quality in English 
Vowels
form the nucleus of the syllable. They differ according to the position of the tongue 
and lips. According to the height of the tongue: 
high

mid-high

mid-low

low
; front-back position: 
front

central

back
; lip position: 
rounded
and 
unrounded
. The vowel space of English has the 
form of a trapezium; the Russian vowel space, as in many other world languages, is shaped like a 
triangle (bottomed up). 
The vowels of English may be 

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