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Discipline #1
: Focus on the Wildly Important
As the authors of 
The 4 Disciplines of Execution
explain, “The more you try to do, the
less you actually accomplish.” They elaborate that execution should be aimed at a
small number of “wildly important goals.” This simplicity will help focus an
organization’s energy to a sufficient intensity to ignite real results.
For an individual focused on deep work, the implication is that you should identify
a small number of ambitious outcomes to pursue with your deep work hours. The
general exhortation to “spend more time working deeply” doesn’t spark a lot of
enthusiasm. To instead have a specific goal that would return tangible and substantial
professional benefits will generate a steadier stream of enthusiasm. In a 2014 column
titled “The Art of Focus,” David Brooks endorsed this approach of letting ambitious
goals drive focused behavior, explaining: “If you want to win the war for attention,
don’t try to say ‘no’ to the trivial distractions you find on the information
smorgasbord; try to say ‘yes’ to the subject that arouses a terrifying longing, and let the
terrifying longing crowd out everything else.”
For example, when I first began experimenting with 4DX, I set the specific
important goal of publishing five high-quality peer-reviewed papers in the upcoming
academic year. This goal was ambitious, as it was more papers than I had been
publishing, and there were tangible rewards attached to it (tenure review was
looming). Combined, these two properties helped the goal stoke my motivation.
Discipline #2
: Act on the Lead Measures
Once you’ve identified a wildly important goal, you need to measure your success. In
4DX, there are two types of metrics for this purpose: 
lag
measures and 
lead
measures.
Lag measures describe the thing you’re ultimately trying to improve. For example, if
your goal is to increase customer satisfaction in your bakery, then the relevant lag
measure is your customer satisfaction scores. As the 4DX authors explain, the problem
with lag measures is that they come too late to change your behavior: “When you
receive them, the performance that drove them is already in the past.”
Lead measures, on the other hand, “measure the new behaviors that will drive
success on the lag measures.” In the bakery example, a good lead measure might be the
number of customers who receive free samples. This is a number you can directly
increase by giving out more samples. As you increase this number, your lag measures
will likely eventually improve as well. In other words, lead measures turn your

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attention to improving the behaviors you directly control in the near future that will
then have a positive impact on your long-term goals.
For an individual focused on deep work, it’s easy to identify the relevant lead
measure: 
time spent in a state of deep work dedicated toward your wildly important
goal.
Returning to my example, this insight had an important impact on how I directed
my academic research. I used to focus on lag measures, such as papers published per
year. These measures, however, lacked influence on my day-to-day behavior because
there was nothing I could do in the short term that could immediately generate a
noticeable change to this long-term metric. When I shifted to tracking deep work
hours, suddenly these measures became relevant to my day-to-day: Every hour extra of
deep work was immediately reflected in my tally.