66
The mixtures can therefore be handled and applied only for a certain amount of time, known as
the pot-life. Two-pack paints are used for automotive clearcoats (see Chapter 3.8.3.4) and automo-
tive refinishes (see Chapter 4.4). Of course, such crosslinkers cannot be used in dipping paints as
the latter have to be stable for a relatively long time. But systems crosslinked by polyisocyanates
boast properties that are attractive to primers, too. There is a way of modifying polyisocyanates
to render them stable in mixtures with reactive partner resins. The isocyanates are made to react
with a compound that can be cleaved at elevated temperatures. Such “pre-reacted” isocyanates are
no longer reactive at ambient or room temperature and mixtures of them with the partner resins
which they are to crosslink are relatively stable in storage. The pre-reacted isocyanates are known
as blocked or capped polyisocyanates. Blocked polyisocyanates are only reactive at elevated
temperatures; they crosslink the partner resins after the blocking agent has been cleaved. The
effective de-blocking or cleavage temperature depends
on the type of polyisocyanate, the
type of
blocking agent, and the reactivity of the functional groups on the partner resin. In the past, it
was assumed that the reaction of blocked polyisocyanates involved two steps, namely cleavage of
blocking agent followed by reaction of the freed-up isocyanate group with the
partner functional
groups of the resin to be crosslinked. But our investigations show that the reaction of blocked
polyisocyanate is a substitution reaction, and as such is comparable to transesterification and
other reactions
[71]
. One reason why the reaction takes place in this way is that the same blocked
polyisocyanate reacts at different temperatures to an extent which depends on the reactivity
of the functional groups on the partner resins. For example, resins bearing primary hydroxyl
groups react effectively at lower temperatures than resins bearing secondary hydroxyl groups.
In addition, such differences can be revealed by comparing primary hydroxyl groups on different
extended aliphatic chains (spacers). The greatest difference is observed when the reactivity of
NH-groups is compared with that of hydroxyl groups. On the other hand, isocyanates differ in
their reactivity and effective crosslinking temperature. Aromatic isocyanate groups react much
faster than aliphatic isocyanate groups. These, in turn, react faster than cycloaliphatic isocyanate
groups. The type of blocking agent mainly influences the effective crosslinking temperature.
Comparison of the crosslinking of polyesters containing hydroxyl groups with aliphatic polyiso-
cyanates bearing different blocking agents reveals different effective temperatures. Blocking
agents bearing primary hydroxyl groups react at temperatures above 200 °C, secondary alcohols
at temperatures around 200 °C, phenols at 180 °C,
ε
-caprolactam at 165 °C, methyl ethyl ketone at
150 °C, 3,5-dimethyl pyrazole and ethyl acetoacetate at 140 °C and dimethyl malonate at 130 °C.
These are currently the most important blocking agents employed for various stoving coatings.
When these blocked isocyanates are used to crosslink partner resins bearing NH-groups (primary
and secondary amines), the effective crosslinking temperatures are at least 50 °C lower than for
polyesters bearing hydroxyl groups.
Cathodic electro deposition primers contain small amounts of amine groups, terminal primary
hydroxyl groups and finally secondary hydroxyl groups on side chains. The reaction rate decreases
in that order. It is assumed that only a certain quantity of the secondary hydroxyl groups will
react by crosslinking. Crosslinkers for cathodic electro deposition primers mainly contain aro-
matic polyisocyanate adducts, which are the most reactive. In the past, most patents described
the adducts of three moles of toluylene diisocyanate with one mole of trimethylol propane as a
base for the crosslinker. Preference was subsequently given to methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
(MDI) or its higher functional derivatives. Besides these crosslinkers, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic
polyisocyanate adducts have been described (e.g. the isocyanurate trimer of hexamethylene diiso-
cyanate [HDI] by way of aliphatic compound).
The blocking agents selected for the crosslinker are relatively slow-reacting, usually secondary
alcohols (e.g. 2-ethyl hexanol) and ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol mono ethers (e.g. propyl
glycol [propyl cellosolve], butyl digol [butyl carbitol]). They are suitable for current stoving condi-
tions involving temperatures of 160 to 175 °C. The catalysts for the isocyanate reactions, as well
Automotive
OEM coatings
67
as for the reactions of blocked polyisocyanates, are heavy metal cations or tertiary amines. The
preferred catalyst for cathodic electro deposition primers is dibutyltin oxide, which is described in
most of the patents. Since tin compounds are currently classified as physiologically harmful, alter-
natives are currently being researched
[72]
. As already mentioned, the main resin of the primer,
the modified epoxy resin, contains tertiary amines. These amines also have a catalytic effect on
the crosslinking reaction of the primers. The blocked polyisocyanates are themselves insoluble
in water. But when they are mixed with the cationically stabilised epoxy resins in organic phase,
they are transferred along with them into the aqueous phase, where they form stable aqueous
dispersions. After neutralisation with volatile organic acids, the amine-modified epoxy resins
are able to carry the blocked isocyanates in aqueous phase. Other blocked polyisocyanates act as
crosslinkers for OEM clearcoats and are described in Chapter 3.8.3.5.
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