Automotive Coatings Formulation: Chemistry, Physics und Practices


Amine modification of epoxy resins



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Automotive Coatings Formulation Ulrich Poth - Chemistry, Physics und Practices (2008, Vincentz Network) - libgen.li

3.4.5.2 Amine modification of epoxy resins
Terminal epoxy groups of aromatic epoxy resins react readily with secondary amines to form
-hydroxyalkyl amines by addition (see Figure 3.4.7)
Of course, primary amines can also react with epoxy groups. It must then be remembered that 
one primary amine group can react with two epoxy groups, leading to the formation of a chain 
of tertiary amines, which on average is twice the size of the starting molecule of epoxy resin. 
If the tertiary amine groups are neutralised with acids, the ammonium ions which are formed 
Figure 3.4.5: Preparation of high-molecular epoxy resins with a deficiency of epichlorohydrin
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Figure 3.4.7: Reaction of epoxy resins with secondary amines
Figure 3.4.6: Preparation of high-molecular epoxy resin from bis-glycidyl ether and bisphenol A
can render the polymer containing them soluble in water. This means that the amine-modi-
fied epoxy resins, after neutralisation with acids, form aqueous solutions containing colloidal 
particles. As neutralisation is only partial in most cases, the particles are relatively large; this 
type of dispersion is commonly called a water-borne dispersion, although there are some dif-
ferences from, e.g. primary acrylic dispersions. The neutralisation agents employed are acetic 
acid, formic acid, and lactic acid.
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Figure 3.4.9: Addition reaction for ketimines and hydrolysis during neutralisation
Figure 3.4.8: Reaction of epoxy resins with hydroxyalkyl amines
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As already mentioned the amine-modified epoxy resins contain secondary hydroxyl groups, 
which are capable of crosslinking reactions. It is also possible, though, to introduce fur-
ther functional groups. For example, the addition of hydroxyalkyl amines (e.g. N-methyl-
ethanolamine, diethanolamine) yields amine-modified epoxy resins with terminal hydroxyl 
groups (see Figure 3.4.8).
Products containing terminal primary amine groups can also be made. This is done by making 
primary-secondary amines (e.g. N-methylaminopropylamine, diethylene triamine) react with 
ketones to form ketimines. The remaining secondary amine group, which is unable react with 
ketones, then adds across epoxy groups, as described above. The ketimine is subsequently 
hydrolysed, and the primary amine groups are re-formed. This happens when the resins are 
neutralised during transfer into the aqueous phase. Primary amines are highly reactive partners 
for the crosslinking reaction with blocked polyisocyanates. Of course, the amine groups are also 
neutralised – at least partly – by the acids. The addition reaction for ketimines and hydrolysis 
during neutralisation are shown in Figure 3.4.9.
The content of amines or ammonium ions determines the particle sizes of cationically stabilised 
aqueous colloidal solutions or dispersions. Optimum deposition depends heavily on the particle 
size of the colloidal solution or dispersion. It is therefore important to define and control the 
amount of ions via the type and quantity of amines and the degree of neutralisation.

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