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When small particles act on a clearcoat surface, two types of scoring occur. Abrasion scratches,
where material from the clearcoat layer is totally removed in the direction of particle rubbing.
Such scratches have sharp and irregular edges at the microscopic level (see Figure 3.8.5).
Abrasion scratches are observed on clearcoat layers which are very hard and brittle. In contrast,
deformation scratches occur when the particles move the material sideways in the direction of
particle rubbing. A microscopic wall is created, but little or no material is removed from the
clearcoat (see Figure 3.8.6).
Such scratches are formed on flexible clearcoats. They can heal themselves after some delay (cold
flow) or, much more quickly, at high temperatures. Theoretically, clearcoats which yield small
quantities of deformation scratches should be preferred to the others. Such clearcoats have greater
plasticity (in addition to elasticity; both parts contribute to flexibility). However, they are less
stable to diffusion and dissolution, which means they have less chemical and solvent resistance.
They are more easily swelled by solvents, and swollen paint layers are sensitive to mechanical
impact and relatively easy to damage. The demand for improved scratch resistance still exists and
has been the most important demand for several years. However, in line with what has been said
above, what really is called for is optimisation of the totality of chemical resistance and scratch
resistance. Gradual improvements have come about through modifications to the resin composi-
tion, with mainly acrylic resins developed that offered improved scratch resistance. However, the
demands of the automotive industry for improve scratch resistance remain. Additional studies and
solutions have been proposed: clearcoats with optimised scratch resistance may contain nano-
particles as additives (see Chapter 3.8.3.11). Scratch resistance is improved by using alternative
crosslinking methods (see Chapter 3.8.8). In addition, special sealers can be applied that offer
better scratch resistance (see Chapter 3.8.3.11).
Figure 3.8.7: Test apparatus featuring rotating wash brushes and aqueous sand dispersion as test medium
Figure 3.8.5: Abrasion scratches on clearcoats
Figure 3.8.6: Deformation scratches on clearcoats
Automotive
OEM coatings
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Several items of test equipment for determining scratch resistance. Most of them employ specific,
well defined media (e.g. sand or textile tissues) which impinge on the coating surface under well
defined conditions, e.g. rotating brushes or plungers operating at defined temperatures and times.
The impact is assessed visually. However, it can also be measured by means of physical data, e.g.
derived from measurements of light scattering generated by scratches on the clearcoat surface.
Figure 3.8.7 shows a model of a test apparatus equipped with rotating washing brushes employing
an aqueous sand dispersion for simulating the car wash process.
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