electro deposition
. This is based on electrophoresis, which
is the transport of electrically charged particles in a medium to an oppositely charged electrode in
an electric field. Relatively large particles can be transported, and these may also have nonionic
moieties, e.g. pigments, which are wetted and covered by resin material. At the electrode, the film
is formed by discharge and deposition. Discharge at the anode yields acids and is an oxidation
reaction. Discharge at the cathode yields bases and is a reduction process. The discharged resin
particles coagulate to form homogeneous films of high dielectric constant. These films permit
migration and osmotic processes to occur, however. Water and soluble moieties in the film are
driven out by electroosmosis, for example. Film properties are determined by a number of differ-
ent influences: the resin type and quantity of ionic groups, the degree of neutralisation (charge
density), the concentration in the tank (non-volatiles), temperature, current density, coating time,
and also the circulation system, which is important for the stability of the primer. Careful control
over all the parameters yields highly uniform, reproducible coating layers. The films are homoge-
neous, smooth and cover all parts of the object to virtually the same thickness, even at the edges
and to a large extent in hollow spaces, too. Developed in the mid-1960s, electro deposition has
gained acceptance throughout the automotive coating industry. It can be extensively automated.
Anodic electro deposition
The first resins to be used in electro deposition primers contained carboxylic groups. These are
anionically stabilised. The object (car body) therefore acts as the anode.
Composition of anodic electro deposition primers
The preferred resin system for anodic electro deposition primers comprises adducts of maleic
anhydride to unsaturated triglycerides (natural oils), more particularly linseed oil, isomerised
linseed oil, and linseed stand oils (maleinised oils). The anhydride adducts are made to react with
monoalcohols or polyols to form half-esters and free carboxylic groups. These carboxylic groups
are at least partially neutralised with amines. The anions thus formed act as the carrier groups
for the colloidally dissolved resin particles in aqueous phase. Figure 3.4.2 shows the chemical
reactions that occur during the manufacture of such resins.
In the second development phase of anodic electro deposition primers, the linseed oil used for forming
maleinised oils was replaced by butadiene oils. Unlike linseed oil, these were totally stable to hydrol-
ysis (saponification-resistant). Other resins used for anodic electro deposition primers were epoxy
esters with maleinised fatty acids, which offered better adhesion and superior corrosion protection.
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