Layer thickness
The layer thickness is influenced by the electrical resistance of the layer, which increases with the
layer’s thickness and reduces the deposition yield. The specific electrical resistance of a primer
material depends on the value of the glass transition temperature, the content of polar molecular
groups, and the quantity of solvent (if used). Naturally, the physical application parameters of the
deposition process influence the electrical resistance, the current density, the current yield, and
the temperature during deposition.
Throwing power
Throwing power is the ability of paints applied electrophoretically to be deposited in hollow
spaces in adequately thick layers. This is naturally determined by the layer thickness that is gen-
erally attainable in the first place. The layer thickness generally depends on the specific electrical
film resistance, which – as already mentioned – is influenced by the properties of the primer
material (glass transition temperature, amount of polar groups, residues of solvents). The higher
the electrical resistance, the lower is the attainable layer thickness, and, accordingly, the lower is
the film thickness in hollow spaces (low throwing power). Throwing power is also affected by the
conductivity of the material in the dipping tank. This, in turn, is influenced by the solids content,
temperature, degree of neutralisation, and the type of ions. But, as mentioned above, electro
deposition is generally suitable for coating the hollow spaces on surfaces. That is essential for
guaranteeing corrosion resistance over several years. This aspect is growing increasingly impor-
tant as car bodies become more complex. This not only has been driven by design considerations,
but is the result of lighter car bodies, which has necessitated the incorporation of felts and tubes
into the design to provide stiffness and stability.
Throwing power is measured with the aid of hollow test pieces. These may be cubes with one open
face or else pipes of specific inner diameter. The test pieces are coated under defined conditions.
The throwing power is determined by measuring the film thickness as a function of the distance
to the opening of the test piece. Throwing power can be optimised under the same application
conditions by varying the primer composition or the resin composition.
Edge covering
As the electric field is relatively dense (higher current density) on edges, good deposition and
film thickness (immediately after the dipping stage) can be expected. However, if film formation
entails fusion of the dispersion particles, which is a kind of melting process at elevated tempera-
tures, there is the possibility that the film material will contract around the edges. It is important
to avoid such effects because thin layers on edges or edges without film material are at a major
risk of corrosion, which may spread outwards over the object from the edges. Again, edge cover-
ing is governed by the glass transition temperature of the resin composition, the viscosity of the
film material during film formation, the polarity of the resins, and the velocity of the crosslinking
reaction. Stoving conditions therefore also play a role. Edge covering is determined by measuring
the breakdown voltage on well-defined test specimens.
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