37
sand particles or beads that offer optimum resistance to abrasion (for example, they may consist
of zirconium oxide). The dispersion batch is fed through the mill container continuously. The
efficiency is controlled by stirrer speed and feeding velocity. After passing through the mill, the
dispersion batch and the grinding media are separated by screens or by a separation slit. Figure
2.10 shows the principle of a horizontal stirrer mill.
The dispersion effect is created by the application of friction and shearing stress to the batch of
pigment dispersion by the disks, blades and grinding media. Although the equipment is called a
mill, there is no milling involved. Instead, the pigment agglomerates are dispersed. Most of the
energy required goes to wetting the particle surfaces.
The efficiency of dispersing is controlled by measuring the tinting strength. The tinting strength
increases continuously during dispersing, since it depends on the amount of particles. The hid-
ing power of the pigment dispersion will pass through a maximum, since the optimum hiding
power depends on the particle sizes which must be close to half the wavelength of visible light.
Pigment dispersions containing small particles become transparent. Organic pigments prima-
Figure 2.10: Principle of a horizontal stirrer mill
Figure 2.11: Dependence of tinting strength and hiding power on particle size or dispersion time
Production
process
38
rily afford the opportunity of achieving very small particle sizes during dispersing. Transpar-
ency is suitable for pigmenting effect paints (e.g. metallic basecoats). For solid colour topcoats,
it is important to have optimum hiding power. Thus, it sometimes makes sense to disperse
pigments to different degrees to suit the intended use or application. The dependence of tinting
strength and hiding power on particle size or dispersion effort (grinding time) is illustrated in
Figure 2.11 (page 37).
A lot of effort goes into guaranteeing the reproducibility of paint production. Tests are con-
ducted at several production stages. They start off with the raw materials, which are analysed
for compliance with the specification given by the supplier. The storage stability of the raw
materials is also checked. The various batches of resin solutions or dispersions must meet
specific values that are checked before those intermediates are used. Most effort is expended
on the reproducibility of colours. The pigment dispersions are defined and standardised by
different measures. It must be possible to always mix pigment dispersions in the same way to
prepare the same colour. Once the paint is made, the colour is tested intensively. It is adjusted
by means of standardised pigment dispersions (pigment pastes) for tinting, which are control-
led by computer programs. Often, it is also necessary to run an application test on each batch
of paint. The final test concerns the cleanness of the paint, since even the tiniest contamination
can seriously impair the paint finish. All the various tests and analyses take a lot of time, with
occupation of mixing equipment being the most time-consuming. There are different ways to
rationalise production and tests. For example, it is possible to use mobile mixing containers
that are connected to the stirring unit only when a raw material or intermediate (tinting paste)
is added. During the test period, the mobile container is temporarily stored in the background
and the mixing equipment can be used for other production batches. Figure 2.12 is a schematic
illustration of the full paint production process.
Figure 2.12: Paint production process
General aspects of coatings