Automotive Coatings Formulation: Chemistry, Physics und Practices

Literature
 
General literature
• 
H. Kittel: Lehrbuch der Lacke und Beschichtungen, 2
nd
edition, volume I–X, published by S. Hirzel, 1998–2006
• 
A. Goldschmidt, H.-J. Streitberger: Basics of Coating Technology, 2
nd
edition, published by Vincentz Network, 2007
• 
D. Stoye, W. Freitag: Paints, Coatings and Solvents, 2
nd
edition, published by Wiley-VCH, 1998
•
B. Müller, U. Poth: Coatings Formulation, published by Vincentz Network, 2006
•
G. Fettis (editor): Automotive Paints and Coatings, published by VCH, 1995
Notes
[1] Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia; keyword: automotive industry
[2] Information provided by BMW
[3] List of paint producers in Farbe & Lack, 112
th
volume, 2006/10
[4] Example: Integrated coating concept in cooperation with a car producer (Daimler Benz), a paint producer (BASF 
Coatings) and a producer of application equipment (Dürr) for the assembly plant in Rastatt
[5] Bruno Vollmer: Grundriss der Makromolekularen Chemie, vol. 3, Eigenschaften des freien Makromoleküls; 
published by E Vollmert, Karlsruhe, 1979
[6] D. Stoye, W. Freitag: Lackharze, published by Carl Hanser, 1996
[7] H. Kittel: Lehrbuch der Lacke und Beschichtungen, 2
nd
edition, volume 1, Section 1.4 Naturstoffe, published by S. 
Hirzel, 1998
[8] Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia; keywords: ‘Light, physically’ and ‘Electromagnetic waves’
[9] Johann Heinrich Lambert, German physicist and philosopher, 1728–1777, described the reduction of light intensity 
by absorption
[10] August Beer, German physicist, chemist, and mathematician, 1825–1863, defined the law of light absorption, known 
as the Beer-Lambert Law
[11] Willebrord van Roijen Snell, Dutch astronomer and mathematician, 1580–1626, discovered the laws of light 
refraction.
[12] Augustin Jean Fresnel, 1788–1827, French physicist, discovered the wave theory of light
[13] John William Strutt, 3
rd
Lord of Rayleigh, English physicist, 1842–1919, investigated the theory of oscillations and 
interpreted the scattering of light
[14] Gustav Mie, German physicist (1868–1957) and Ludwig Lorenz, Danish physicist (1829–1891) described the 
scattering of light on dispersed particles, with particle sizes in the region of the wavelength of light
[15] DIN 55982, Lightening power
[16] P. Kubelka, F. Munk: Ein Beitrag zur Optik der Farbanstriche, Z. Tech. Phys. 12:593, 1931, Frédéric Cortat: The 
Kubelka-Munk theory, applications and modifications; 2004
[17] DIN 55982 Tinting strength
[18] Germany: „Änderung der Abwasserverordnung“ (Change in Rules for Waste Water) 17. 6. 2004
[19] O. Lückert: Pigment & Füllstoff Tabellen; published by Vincentz Network, 6
th
edition
[20] P. Huyskens, M. C. Haulait-Pirson, X. van der Borght: Berechnung des Lösevermögens von Lösemitteln für Harze, 
Farbe & Lack, 92
nd
edition, 12/1986
[21] Calculation programs of Shell (1977), Union Carbide (1970), Eastman (1967) 
[22] ISO 1523, 3673, DIN 51758, 53213, DIN/EN 456, ASTM D 93, flash point
[23] Germany: Rules for handling flammable liquids VbF and GGVSE, ADR, RID
[24] Karsten: Lackrohstoff-Tabellen, published by Vincentz-Network, Hanover, 10
th
edition
[25] Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia: keywords: ‘viscosity’; ‘rheology’, ‘measurement of viscosity’
[26] B. Müller, U. Poth: Coatings Formulation, part IV, published by Vincentz Network, 2006
[27] T. Kiguchi, H. Aota, and A. Matsumoto: Approach to Ideal Simultaneous Interpenetrating Network Formation via 
Topological Cross-Links between Polyurethane and Polymethacrylate Network Polymer Precursors; Macromolecules, 
37 (22), 8249–8255, 2004 and many articles on the Internet.
[28] Patents regarding hybrid crosslinking DE 4324947, DE 4310414, US 5780541
[29] W. Kremer, Dual Cure Process, Farbe & Lack 94 (3) 205; 1988, Vincentz Network
[30] See methods and test equipment for differential thermal mechanical analysis (DMTA)
[31] H. Kittel: Lehrbuch der Lacke und Beschichtungen, 2
nd
edition, volume 8, Lackherstellung (production of paints), 
published by Hirzel, 2002
[32] 100 Jahre Automobilbau – Automobillackierung, special edition of Kunstharznachrichten, Hoechst AG, February 1986
[33] Introduction of conveyor-belt car production in Detroit in 1913; the number of cars increased in 1914 to about 1000 
units per day.
[34] Founding of the first commercial synthetic resins (named Albertol), based on phenolic resin and colophony for 
combination with drying oils by Ludwig Berend in the Ltd Dr. Kurt Albert GmbH 1910 and production start-up in 1917

---

228
[35] Start-up of production of cellulose nitrate suitable for automotive coatings which were used at General Motors 
Corporation in 1923
[36] Henry Ford answering a journalist in the 1920s
[37] R. H. Kienle: alkyd resins; AP 1 803 174 (GE, 1925), DRP 574 963 (AEG, 1926), EP 252 394 (1926), Ind. Eng. Chem. 
21 (1929)
[38] First stoving enamels based on alkyd resins at General Motors in 1933
[39] First two-layers metallic coating systems, suitable for automotive OEM coatings from Celanese in the USA and the 
Herbol GmbH in Germany (later BASF Coatings) in 1967/1968
[40] Laws of Bernoulli; Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782), a Swiss mathematician and physicist, developed equations for 
fluid mechanics together with Leonhard Euler
[41] Figure: Pneumatic spray gun of DeVilbis Ltd
[42] Figure: High efficiency spray gun (HLVP), of DeVilbis Ltd
[43] Figure: Electrostatic high speed rotation bell spray gun of Dürr Ltd
[44] Transfer efficiency information from Dürr Ltd
[45] Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia; keywords: ‘steel’, ‘production of steel’
[46] Lancia Lambda
[47] Opel-Olympia
[48] Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia; keywords: ‘corrosion’, ‘electrochemical model of rust formation’, ‘local elements’
[49] Corrosion protection, EN ISO 12944, DIN 55928
[50] Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia; keyword: ‘galvanising (with zinc)’
[51] Ullmann‘s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (electronic version): Pretreatment of Substrate Surfaces; published 
by VCH, Weilheim 1998
[52] Ullmann‘s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (electronic edition): Metals, Surface Treatment; published by VCH, 
Weilheim 1998; K. Fiedler: Die Vorbehandlung von Metallen vor der Lackierung (pretreatment of metals before 
coating); CHEMETALL, Chem. Lab. Oberflächentechnik
[53] Use of first dipping primers in 1945
[54] Development of first water-borne resins for stoving coatings by Herbert Hönel at Vianova: Neue Wege in der An-
strichtechnik (New ways in coatings technology); GDCh congress 1953
[55] Resin: Dow 566
[56] Gordon Fettis (editor): Automotive Paints and Coatings, section 3.4.7.1, published by VCH, 1995
[57] A. Goldschmidt, H.-J. Streitberger: BASF-Handbuch Lackiertechnik, section 7.1.2 published by Vincentz Network, 
2002
[58] Basic patents US 3,169,945; US 4,419,467; US 4,170,579 of PPG
[59] Mannich base process of BASF AG
[60] Reverse-process at car producer Saab Ltd
[61] Electro Powder Coating (EPC) of Shinto for BMW and Honda
[62] Electro Slurry Coating (ESC) of ICI
[63] Application at Japanese car producers
[64] H. Schenck, H. Spoor, M. Marx: The Chemistry of Binders for Electrodeposition, Progress in Organic Coatings, (1979); 
A. Doroszowski: Electrodeposition of Non-Ionically Stabilized Emulsions, Colloids Surf. 17 (1986)
[65] Rotodip process applied in Japan and in the UK
[66] Erichsen test, DIN EN 13523-6, EN ISO 1520
[67] Reverse impact test DIN EN 13523-5, EN ISO 6272
[68] Rust undercutting, testing degrees of rusting, DIN 53210, ISO 4628-3
[69] D. Stoye, W. Freitag: Lackharze, 7.2.6: Aliphatische und cycloaliphatische Epoxide; (‘Aliphatic and cycloaliphatic 
epoxies’, published by Carl Hanser, 1996
[70] Gordon Fettis (editor): Automotive Paints and Coatings, section 3.4.6.2, Composition and Formula of Cathodic 
Primer; published by VCH, 1995
[71] U. Röckrath, K. Brockkötter, Th. Frey, U. Poth, G. Wigger: Investigations of the Crosslinking Mechanism of Etch 
Resistant Clearcoats; Progress in Organic Coatings, 32 (1997), 173–182
[72] Example: Bismuth compounds; patents of DuPont Performance Coatings
[73] Patent US 06 274 649 of BASF-Coatings
[74] Example 1 and 2.1; patent US 06 274 649, dispersion and crosslinker
[75] Example 1.1; patent EP 505 445 of BASF Coatings, grinding resin 1
[76] Example 1.3; patent EP 505 445 of BASF Coatings, grinding resin 3
[77] Example 4.1; patent US 06 274 649, pigment dispersion
[78] Example 5.1; patent US 06 274 649, dipping bath
[79] Gordon Fettis (editor): Automotive Paints and Coatings, section 3.4.8.1, VCH, 1995
[80] B. Müller, W. Rath: Formulierung von Kleb- und Dichtstoffe, (Formulation of adhesives and sealing compounds)