|
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
181
such as between employers and employees, busi-
nesses and consumers or governments and citizens.
Preventing harm also entails consideration of the nat-
ural environment and all living beings. The principle of
fairness is based on ensuring non-discrimination and
non-stigmatisation, equal opportunities and the abili-
ty to contest decisions made by AI systems and ob-
tain effective redress. The principle of explicability
means that processes must always be presented
transparently, that the capabilities and purpose of AI
systems must be openly communicated and that de-
cisions – to the extent possible – must be explainable
to those directly and indirectly affected.
190
The Austrian Council on Robotics and Artificial In-
telligence recommends that these European Ethics
Guidelines be taken into account in all matters relat-
ing to the country’s strategic process for preparing
an AI strategy and that they be implemented in the
future.
191
3.9 Summary
Given the advancing of digitalisation – a megatrend
in education, scientific, academic and economic sys-
tems in Austria and around the world – technologies
and applications from the field of artificial intelli-
gence are becoming increasingly important, especial-
ly due to the availability of large volumes of data and
the constant improvement in the quality of algo-
rithms. Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to artificial
systems that appear to demonstrate intelligent, i.e.
self-learning, behaviour and thus act with a certain
degree of autonomy. The use of AI will bring about
fundamental changes and can contribute to efforts
to overcome the major societal challenges; AI can al-
so help to ensure the competitiveness of companies
and to create and preserve jobs.
In Austria, therefore, there is a broad-based polit-
ical commitment to AI and its potential applications
190 ibid.
191 See Austrian Council on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (2019).
as well as the need to take the relevant ethics guide-
lines and legal situation into account. This is reflect-
ed not least in the strategy development work initi-
ated by a government resolution as well as in the
current federal government’s programme.
Austrian research institutions are active in the en-
tire AI-related technology spectrum. Recognisable
focal points can be found in the areas of machine
learning, symbolic methods, robotics and autono-
mous systems. AI research is thus being conducted
more or less throughout Austria, with regional hubs
in Vienna and Graz, Linz (and Hagenberg) and Kla-
genfurt, and significant AI work being done in Inns-
bruck, St. Pölten, Klosterneuburg and Salzburg. There
is evidence of AI research activities at virtually all
Austrian universities. Besides the technical universi-
ties in Vienna and Graz, the University of Vienna and
Johannes Kepler University Linz are also major cen-
tres of Austrian AI research in the academic sphere.
Learning analytics and intelligent tutoring sys-
tems are two areas of application of AI in higher ed-
ucation that are already being discussed and, in
some cases, trialled. The use of AI is designed to pro-
vide students with targeted support commensurate
with their competency level as well as more person-
alised assistance, while also relieving the burden on
teaching staff and improving the quality of teaching
for everyone involved.
At bachelor’s and master’s level, higher education
teaching traditionally treats the topic of artificial in-
telligence as part of the core discipline of computer
science or as part of a “Data Science” degree, as is
the case at Vienna University of Technology and Graz
University of Technology and at the universities of
Vienna, Innsbruck, Salzburg and Klagenfurt. In the
2019 winter semester, the Johannes Kepler Universi-
ty Linz became the first university in Austria to offer
both a bachelor’s and a master’s degree programme
called Artificial Intelligence.
Obtaining a full picture of the AI-related activities
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
