Asian Research Journals
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274
Special
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MAIN PART
Education was the same social phenomenon as any other human activity: hunting, gathering,
making tools. A person grew up as a person, his social experience became more complicated,
and, along with him, the process and goals of raising his child’s master became more
complicated. The sources of folk pedagogy, as the first stage in the development of pedagogy in
general, we find in fairy tales, epics, songs, ditties, children tricks, proverbs, sayings,
conspiracies, lullabies and round songs, riddles, tongue twisters, counters, carols, historical
legends, folk signs. Only later with the advent of writing did they acquire a more “dry”, non-
allegorical form, and began to bear the character of Soviets, unwritten Rules and
Recommendations.“Feeding” is a peculiar form of home education for children of the feudal
nobility. At the age of 5-7 years, the young prince indulged in a breadwinner, whom the prince
selected from among the governor, noble boyars. In this case, the breadwinner performed several
functions. He was not only a mentor-educator, but also managed affairs in a separate violist
entrusted to him on behalf of the pupil. The duties of the breadwinner as a mentor included
mental, moral, and military-physical education, early involvement of the prince in state
affairs.Another institution of upbringing and education in Ancient Russia is “uncles”. Children
were brought up by their mother’s brother, that is, by their uncle. In turn, the father of the child
accepted the upbringing of the children of his sister. As a result, original families were created in
which "uncles" brought up nephews and nieces. The “uncles” were the mentors of the nephews,
and those were their first assistants.The Institute of "nepotism" is the transformation of the
"uncle" from a nephew teacher in his family into a spiritual and moral mentor of children in the
family of parents. With the adoption of Christianity, the “godfather” and “godfather” became the
godfather and mother.Later, the institute of “masters of literacy” appeared - loners and the school
of “masters of literacy”. Literacy masters were the main persons of public education and clergy
training, who made the business of literacy education: as a rule, they founded schools: in the
family, in teachers' houses, at monasteries and churches. The history of the development of
Russian pedagogical self-awareness according to P.F. Kapterev, an outstanding Russian teacher
of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, goes through three periods: church, state and
public.A powerful impetus to the development of pedagogy was given by the Renaissance (14th
– 16th centuries). In 1623, the Englishman Francis Bacon (1561–1626) singled out pedagogy
from the system of philosophical sciences as an independent science. Since the seventeenth
century, pedagogical thought begins to rely on the data of advanced pedagogical experience.
German teacher Wolfgang Ratke (1571–1635) developed substantive concepts of education and
the corresponding methodology, setting the criterion for pedagogical research.A huge
contribution to the creation of the scientific foundations of pedagogy was made by the great
Czech teacher Jan Amos Comenius (1592-1670). He substantiated the need for training and
education in accordance with the nature of the child, on the basis of objective laws, developed a
system of principles of instruction, created a class-lesson system of instruction, laid the
foundations of classical or traditional education.Many progressive ideas were introduced into
pedagogical science and practice by the works of Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469–1536) in
Holland, J. Locke (1632–1704) in England, J.J. Russo (1712–1778), K.A. Helvetius (1715–1771)
and D. Didro (1713-1784) - in France, I.G. Pestalozzi (1746–1827) - in Switzerland, I.F. Herbart
(1776–1841) and A. Disterweg (1790–1866) in Germany, J. Korczak (1878–1942) in Poland, D.
Dewey (1859–1952) in the USA, etc. The religious nature of education was gradually overcome ,
the content of classical education expanded, the mother tongue, history, geography, and natural
science began to be thoroughly studied. In the XIX century.there are real (with a predominance
ISSN: 2278-4853 Special Issue, March, 2020 Impact Factor: SJIF 2020 = 6.882
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