Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR)
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significantly to fatigue. For a detailed examination of the pilot commuting issue, see the report
by the National Research Council. In a review of commercial pilot work practices, Goode
5
found
that 20% of human factors accidents involved pilots who had been on duty for 10 or more
hours.However, only 10% of pilot duty hours occurred during that time. Similarly, 5% of human
factors accidents involved pilots who had been on duty for 13 or more hours, although only 1%
of pilot duty hours occur during that time. These results clearly demonstrate a pattern of
increased probability of an accident as the duty time for pilot’s increases, and are consistent with
the extensive literature on the effects of fatigue (operationalized as lack of sleep) and human
performance. There is a massive research literature on the effects of fatigue/sleepiness on human
performance, including many studies involving aircrew. Reviews of this literature have been
produced by Battelle Memorial Institute
6
, Lim and Dinges
7
, Caldwell ET al.
8
(2012), and Avers
and Johnson
9
. The review by Caldwell et al. is particularly interesting in that it addresses
differences between chronic and acute sleep deprivation. Chronic sleep deprivation refers to the
accumulative effects of restricting sleep to less than 8 hours daily over an extended period. Acute
sleep deprivation is typically characterized by a single period of enforced wakefulness (perhaps
24–36 hours). Both types of deprivation will result in performance decrements in cognitive
performance. In the case of acute sleep deprivation, decrements become noticeable fairly rapidly,
while in the case of chronic sleep deprivation, they accumulate more slowly. Recovery from each
of these situations reflects, to some degree, the duration of sleep deprivation. For individuals
suffering from acute sleep deprivation, recovery is fairly rapid, while recovery from chronic
sleep debt occurs at a much slower rate. Some researchers
10
(Belenky et al. 2003) have reported
that recovery did not occur on numerous cognitive measures even after three nights of 8 hours of
sleep.Fatigue caused by chronic or acute loss of sleep can produce a variety of physical, mental,
and emotional symptoms. Slowed reaction time (as shown Figure 1) is one physical symptom, as
well as lack of energy, repeated yawning, heavy eyelids, headaches, and microsleeps. Mental
symptoms include difficulty concentrating on tasks, lapses in attention, failure to anticipate
events, forgetfulness, and poor decision-making.
ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol 10, Issue 9, September, 2021 Impact Factor: SJIF 2021 = 7.699
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