Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR)
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AJMR
concept of
time of usefulconsciousness
. This describes the maximum time that a pilot has to
make and carry out decisions at a given altitude without supplemental oxygen. As altitude
increases above 10,000 feet, the symptoms of hypoxia increase in severity and the time of useful
consciousness decreases. While we usually associate hypoxia with increased altitude, it can
actually occur at any altitude. For example, even at or near sea level a pilot can experience
hypoxia due to poor blood circulation, anemia, recent blood donation, or exposure to toxic
substances, such as the cyanide released from a fire. Hypoxia can even occur on the ground. In
one incident reported to the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS),an air carrier crew
became hypoxic during preflight because 10,000 lb of dry icewas loaded on the aircraft, but
ventilation was poor because the Auxiliary PowerUnit (APU) was inoperative while air start
carts were being used for ventilation. Asthe dry ice evaporated, the gaseous carbon dioxide
displaced the air in the aircraft,resulting in a lack of available oxygen. Fortunately, the crew
noticed the symptomsof hypoxia and subsequently evacuated the aircraft without lasting ill
effects. There are numerous such reports in the ASRS of pilots becoming partially disableddue to
the effects of hypoxia. Often, these come from pilots who had beenflying for some time at or just
above 10,000 feet without supplemental oxygen. Inaddition, there are many reports from pilots
who experienced hypoxia due to a malfunctionor misuse of a supplemental oxygen system.
Clearly, hypoxia is a seriousmatter and something each pilot must bear in mind, and be alert for
the symptomslisted below:
-
Cyanosis (blue fingernails and lips)
-
Headache
-
Decreased reaction time
-
Impaired judgment
-
Euphoria Visual impairment
-
Drowsiness
-
Lightheaded or dizzy sensation
-
Numbness
We usually think of hypoxia as being caused by flight at high altitude. However, there are four
types of hypoxia, and all of these individually and collectively may affect pilots and degrade
their performance. This is the hypoxia typically associated with high altitude flight. Your body
cannot absorb adequate oxygen because there is not enough pressure to force the oxygen
molecules through membranes of the respiratory system.
There are four stages of hypoxic hypoxia:
- Indifferent;
- Compensatory;
- Disturbance;
- Critical.
Since the majority of pilots, at least in the early stages of their aviation careers, tend to operate at
fairly low altitudes, the indifferent and compensatory stages of hypoxic hypoxia may be of
greatest concern. Recall the example taken earlier of the ASRS report of a pilot who had been
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