Artikillar Artikllarning ikki turi mavjud Indefinite -a, an Definite -the Noaniq artikl (a, an) qadimiy ingliz tilidagi one

18."down" "up" "under" and 'over'
Down is the opposite of up and indicates direction towards a lover level:
Let's climb up the hill, then climb down. Though down is most commonly used with verbs of movement, it can (like, across, along and up) be used with position verbs to indicate a place away from the speaker.
There is no suggestion of 'at a lower level' in this use:
We live down the street.
Under conveys the idea of "being covered".
Let's sit under this free.
There are a lot of minerals under the sea.
'Over can have the meaning covering'.
Keep this blanket over you.
19. 'due to' and 'owing to'
Some grammars draw a distinction between these two prepositions on the grounds that due is an adjectives and must therefore be associated with a noun + be
It can be replaced by caused by:
Our delay (noun) was due to/caused by heavy traffic.
Owing to is associated with a verb, It can be replaced by because of.
The broadcoast was cancelled (verb)owing to/because of the strike.
In practice, this distinction is ignored by many educated speakers who use due to in the same way as owing to or because of:
He lost his job due to/owing to/because of a change in management.
20. For
Common uses:
-purpose The best mom for the job
- + - ing I need this for sewing
-destination This is the train for York
-recipient Here's a gift for you.
I have got news for you.
-reason I did it for the money
- duration He's been away for days.
-exchange I bought it for £5.
-meaning What's French for cat?
-(=as) I did it for a joke.
-(=instead of) I'll do ot for you.
-(=in favour of) Are you in favour of this?
-Yes, I'm all for it.
The opposite is against
I’m against the idea.
-intention Let's go for a swim
After go and come, for is not followed by - ing.
-specifie time reference(not, period of time):
I'll order a tax.for 11.
-for and to.
For is not used in front of a to infinitive, but can be followed by a gerund to express purpose or reason:
I used this tool to drill a hole
The tool is used for drilling holes.
He was praised for being punctual
21. From
From is often used to indicate origin. The reference can be to
-a place: Gerda is from Berlin.
-a person: Who's that letter from?
-a group: We're from the council
- a quotation: This line is from "Hamlet"
-distance: She's away from work
-abstract He died from astroke.
I acted from self interest.