bu olmoshlardan so’ng kelgan otlar oldidan aniq artikl, egalik
olmoshlari va ko’rsatish olmoshlari kelsa, bu olmoshlardan so’ng doimo “of ”
predlogi ishlatiladi:
Some of
the
books - some of
my
books – some of
these
books.
Much of
the
time – much of
my
time – much of
this
time.
Every one of
the
books – every one of
my
books – every one of
these
books.
All (of )
the
books – all (of )
my
books – all (of )
these
books.
Both (of )
the
books – both (of)
my
books – both (of )
these
books
AUXILIARY VERBS
(Yordamchi fe’llar)
Ingliz tilida 3 ta asosiy yordamchi fe’llar bor:
2)
to be – bo’lmoq
3)
to do – qilmoq
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4)
to have – bor bo’lmoq, ega bo’lmoq.
1)
“To be” fe’li
gapda hech qachon ish- harakat bajarilishini ko’rsatmaydi, balki
har doim holatni ifodalab keladi.
“to be” fe’lining hozirgi zamonda 3 ta shakli
bor:
Am – I Is – he, she, it Are – we, you, they
“To be” fe’lining gapdagi asosiy vazifasi:
ega va kesimni bir- biriga bog’lash.
“to be” fe’li gapda asosan,
ot, sifat, sifat + ot, son, ravish
so’z turkumlari bilan birikib
keladi:
I am a
student
(ot)
I am
clever
(sifat)
I am a
clever student
(sifat+ ot)
I am
20
(son)
I am
here
(ravish)
“to be” fe’lining bo’lishsizlik shakli
“am, is, are” ga
“not”
inkor yuklamasini
qo’shish bilan yasaladi:
am
S = is + not…
are
I am
not
a student
This is
not
a book
These are
not
books
The teacher is
not
in the room
Teachers are
not
in the room.
“to be” fe’lining so’roq shaklida “am, is, are” egadan oldinga chiqadi:
Am
Is + S + …?
Are
Am
I a student?
Is
this a book?
Are
these books?
Is
the teacher in the room?
Are
teachers in the room?
2)
“to do” fe’li
ish- harakat bajarilishiga nisbatan qo’llanilib,
uning gapdagi
asosiy vazifasi, mustaqil fe’llarni bo’lishsiz va so’roq shakllarga
aylantirishdan iborat.
Mustaqil fe’llar – o’z mustaqil ma’nosiga ega bo’lgan va gapda biror bir ish-
harakat bajarilishini ko’rsatuvchi fe’llar hisoblanadi. Uning asosiy kamchiligi:
gapda bo’lishsiz va so’roq shakllarni o’zi yasay olmaydi.
Hozirgi noaniq zamonda
3- shaxs birlikda barcha mustaqil fe’llarga –s va –es shaxs qo’shimchalari qo’shiladi.
Hozirgi noaniq zamonda, “to do” fe’lining 2 ta shakli bor:
Do – I, we, you, they
Does – he, she, it
For examples:
to run – yugurmoq to teach- o’qitmoq
to go – bormoq to finish – tugatmoq
I run every morning - He run
s
every morning
You teach children – She teache
s
children
They go to school – John go
es
to school
We finish work at 6 – Shohida finish
es
work at 6.
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Bo’lishsiz shaklda,
“do” va “does” yordamchi fe’llariga “not” inkor yuklamasi
qo’shiladi. 3- shaxs birlik uchun
“does not”
qo’llanadi va mustaqil fe’llarga
qo’shilgan
–s
va
–es
qo’shimchalari tushib qoladi:
I
do not
run every morning – he
does not
run every morning
You
do not
teach children – she
does not
teach children.
So’roq shaklda,
“do” va “does” yordamchi fe’llari egadan oldinga chiqadi:
Do
you run every morning? –
Does
he run every morning?
Do
you teach chilren? –
Does
she teach children?
3)
“to have” fe’li
yordamchi fe’l ma’nosida
“bor bo’lmoq, ega bo’lmoq”
ma’nosida
narsa- predmetning kimgadir tegishli ekanligini yoki kishining biror
bir narsa- predmetga egaligini ko’rsatadi.
“to have” fe’lining hozirgi noaniq
zamonda 2 ta shakli bor:
Have – I, we you, they
Has – he, she, it
For examples:
I
have
a book – meni kitobim bor.
He
has
a car – uni mashinasi bor.
“to have” fe’lining bo’lishsiz shakli 2 yo’l bilan yasaladi:
a) “have” ga “not” inkor yuklamasini qo’shib:
I
have not
a book
He
has not
a car.
b) “do” va “does” yordamchi fe’llariga “not” inkor yuklamasini qo’shib:
I
don’t
have a book
He
doesn’t
has a car.
So’roq shakli ham 2 xil yo’l bilan yasaladi:
1)
“have” va “has” egadan oldinga chiqadi:
Have
you a book?
Has
you a car?
2)
“do” va “does” egadan oldinga chiqadi:
Do
you have a book?
Does
he has a car?
Have – “bor bo’lmoq, ega bo’lmoq” ma’nolarida davom zamonlarda
qo’llanila olmaydi.
b) “to have” fe’li fe’li gapda ot bilan birikib kelib, “qilmoq, bajarmoq”
ma’nolarida mustaqil fe’l bo’lib keladi:
To have breakfast = to eat breakfast (nonushta qilmoq)
To have a test = to do a test (test bajarmoq)
To have a chat = to talk (suhbat qurmoq, gaplashmoq)
“Qilmoq, bajarmoq” ma’nosida “to have” fe’li
qaysi zamonda qo’llansa, o’sha
zamondagi yordamchi fe’l bilan bo’lishsiz va so’roq shakllarga aylantiriladi va bu
ma’noda davomli “continuous” zamonlarda qo’llanadi:
Bo’lishli shaklda:
I
have
breakfast every morning
He
has
a test every day
Bo’lishsiz shaklda:
I
don’t have
breakfast every morning
He
doesn’t
have
a test every day.
So’roq shaklda:
Do
you
have
breakfast every morning?
Does
he
have
a test every day?
Hozirgi davom zamonda:
I
am
hav
ing
breakfast
now.
He
is
hav
ing
a test
now.
“To have” and “to have got”
Bularning har ikkalasi “bor bo’lmoq, ega bo’moq” deb tarjimaqilinadi:
52
a)
To have got – “bor bo’lmoq, ega bo’lmoq” ma’nosida
faqat hozirgi noaniq
zamonda qo’llanadi
va bo’lishsiz va so’roq shakllari “have” fe’linig o’zi bilan
yasaladi:
Bo’lishli shaklda:
I
have got
a book. He has got a car.
Bo’lishsiz shaklda:
I
haven’t got
a book. He
hasn’t got
a car
So’roq shaklda:
Have
you got a book?
Has
he got a car?
b)
To have – “bor bo’lmoq, ega bo’lmoq” ma’nosida hozirgi, o’tgan va kelasi
zamonlarda qo’llanadi:
Hozirgi zamonda:
I
have
a car - Mening mashinam bor
O’tgan zamonda;
I
had
a car
last year
- O’tgan yili mening mashiman bor edi
Kelasi zamonda:
I
shall have
a car
next year
- Kelasi yili mening mashinam
bo’ladi.
TUPES OF QUESTIONS
(So’roq gap turlari)
Ingliz tilida 4 ta asosiy so’roq gap turi mavjud:
1)
General Question – Umumiy so’roq gap
2)
Alternative Question – Tanlov so’roq gap
3)
Special Question – Maxsus so’roq gap
4)
Disjuctive Question – Tasdiq so’roq gap.
General question
a)
Suhbatdoshdan biror holat bo’yicha umumiy ma’lumot olish uchun qo’llanadi.
Umumiy so’roq gap yordamchi fe’lni egadan oldinga chiqarib yasaladi va
har doim
qisqa “ha” va “yo’q” javoblaridan birini talab qiladi. Qaysi yoqdamchi fe’l bilan
savol berilsa, o’sha yordamchi fe’l shakli bilan javob beriladi:
Are you
a student? -
Yes, I am / No, I am not
Is
he
in the room? -
Yes, he is / No, he is not
Is
John
a teacher? -
Yes, he is / No, he is not
Do
you
live in Karshi?
-Yes, I do / No, I do not
Does he
clean the room? -
Yes, he does / No, he does not
Does John
speak English? –
Yes, he does / No, he does not
Have you
a house? -
Yes, I have / No, I have not
Has he
a car? -
Yes, he has / No, he has not.
b) Umumiy so’roq gapda savol 1- shaxs birlik va ko’plikda shaxsning o’ziga
berilsa, javob 2- shaxs birlik va ko’plikda bo’ladi:
Am I
a student?
- Yes, you are / No, you are not
Are we
in the room?
- Yes, you are / No, you are not.
c) Savol “this” va “that” ko’rsatish olmoshlari bilan berilsa, javob “it”
olmoshi bilan qaytadi:
Is this
a book?
- Yes, it is / No, it is not
Is that
a pen?
– Yes, it is / No, it is not.
Savol “these” va “those” ko’rsatish olmoshlari bilan berilsa, javob “they”
kishilik olmoshi bilan qaytadi:
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