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3.2. Tropes and Figures of Speech
Such linguists as O.S. Akhmanova, I.R. Galperin, V.V. Vinogradov and others divide all SDs into tropes (lexical SDs) and figures of speech (syntactic SDs).

According to them a figure of speech is a syntactic structure used for stylistic purposes.

A trope is a stylistic transference of the name of a word or the use of a word in a figurative meaning for stylistic purposes. The essence of trope lies in the comparison of the notion rendered by the primary (dictionary) meaning and the notion rendered by the contextually imposed meaning.

3.3. The Classification of Lexical EMs and SDs
All lexical SDs are based on simultaneous realization of two meanings. Thus tropes can be classified according to:

1. 
   Interaction of different types of lexical meaning
   

1. 
   Interaction of two logical meanings (i.e. primary dictionary and contextually imposed meanings)
   

• 
  Metaphor
  
• 
  Metonymy
  
• 
  Irony
  

2. 
   Interaction of primary and derivative logical meanings
   

• 
  Polysemantic effect
  
• 
  Zeugma
  
• 
  Pun
  

3. 
   Interaction of logical and emotive meanings
   

• 
  Epithet
  
• 
  Oxymoron
  

4. 
   Interaction of logical and nominal meanings
   

• 
  Antonomasia
  

2. 
   Intensification of a certain feature or a thing or phenomenon
   

• 
  Simile
  
• 
  Periphrasis
  
• 
  Euphemism
  
• 
  Hyperbole
  
• 
  Understatement
  

3. 
   Peculiar use of set expressions
   

• 
  Cliché
  
• 
  Proverbs and Sayings
  
• 
  Epigrams
  
• 
  Quotations
  
• 
  Allusions
  
• 
  Decomposition of Set Phrases.