Aquaculture farmer organizations and cluster management: concepts and experiences



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Bog'liq
2011-FAO

2.6.2 Economic coordination 
Despite the increasing importance placed on institutions to promote competitive 
markets in current development policy, Dorward 
et al.
(2005) argue that this is still not 
enough to achieve pro-poor economic growth in developing countries. They contend 
that competitive markets are just one of many forms of institutions fulfilling exchange 
and coordination functions. As markets face particular challenges in poor rural areas, 
6
Transaction costs are the costs associated with the exchange of goods and services (such as transportation 
costs, time, effort and costs involved in checking the quality of inputs, in negotiating with buyers and 
enforcing contracts) that are incurred by trading partners.
7
The more specialized the asset, the higher the cost of transferring it to the next best use.
8
Uncertainty influences the costs of searching for information, screening, negotiating, bargaining and 
monitoring contracts.
9
Transaction costs are usually fixed regardless of the size of transaction; thus, more frequent transactions 
lead to higher transactions costs.


11
The case for farmers’ organizations
they suggest that other institutions may be more effective at fulfilling market functions 
in economies with a weak institutional environment, such as developing countries where 
neoclassical competitive markets may not perform at all. They argue that overemphasis 
on institutional development to promote competitive markets is not only inefficient in 
promoting economic growth, but also unlikely to promote pro-poor growth.
Dorward, Kydd and Poulton (2005) and Dorward, Poulton and Chirwa (2009) suggest 
that even if markets are not always the best vehicle for facilitating coordination and 
exchange functions, the central challenge facing smallholder agricultural development 
remains one of coordination. Stockbridge, Dorward and Kydd (2003) suggest that 
economic development is the result of the synergistic outcome of coordinated action, 
not the sum of isolated actions, where returns to the actions of one party depend on the 
actions of others. Thus, the success of an economy is highly dependent on the ability 
of its institutions to coordinate complementary investments. Dorward, Kydd and 
Poulton (2005) and Dorward, Poulton and Chirwa (2009) argue that different types 
and scales of coordination are vital to achieve rapid pro-poor economic development 
and involve both coordinated exchanges across multiple elements and mechanisms 
for coordination across all processes. They explore different types of coordination 
(vertical, horizontal and complementary) in the context of livelihood improvement; 
however, the incentives for large firms to provide mechanisms for such coordination 
can be weak in disperse, risky and low-value agricultural product markets. In fact, 
private-sector service providers and private companies are reluctant to even enter 
poor rural markets and are especially wary of providing services in food markets, as 
transaction costs and risks of doing business are often too high to make it worthwhile. 
This results in a cycle of underdevelopment where high transaction costs limit market 
investment, resulting in low volumes of production and trade, which again lead to high 
transaction costs and risks (Penrose-Buckley, 2007). As this cycle is caused by market 
distortions and failures, it is unlikely that the market will create a solution. Thus, non-
market interventions that can reduce the costs and risks of doing business are needed. 
One way of doing this would be to coordinate the investments of all actors so they all 
invest at the same time; however, in current liberalized markets there is often no one to 
play this coordination role, resulting in markets remaining weak.

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