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The case for farmers’ organizations
they suggest that other institutions may be more effective at fulfilling market functions
in economies with a weak institutional environment, such as developing countries where
neoclassical competitive markets may not perform at all. They argue that overemphasis
on institutional development to promote competitive markets is not only inefficient in
promoting economic growth, but also unlikely to promote pro-poor growth.
Dorward, Kydd and Poulton (2005) and Dorward, Poulton and Chirwa (2009) suggest
that even if markets are not always the best vehicle for facilitating coordination and
exchange functions, the central challenge facing smallholder agricultural development
remains one of coordination. Stockbridge, Dorward and Kydd (2003) suggest that
economic development is the result of the synergistic outcome of coordinated action,
not the sum of isolated actions, where returns to the actions of one party depend on the
actions of others. Thus, the success of an economy is highly dependent on the ability
of its institutions to coordinate complementary investments. Dorward, Kydd and
Poulton (2005) and Dorward, Poulton and Chirwa (2009) argue that different types
and scales of coordination are vital to achieve rapid pro-poor economic development
and involve both coordinated exchanges across multiple elements and mechanisms
for coordination across all processes. They explore different types of coordination
(vertical, horizontal and complementary) in the context of livelihood improvement;
however, the incentives for large firms to provide mechanisms for such coordination
can be weak in disperse, risky and low-value agricultural product markets. In fact,
private-sector service providers and private companies are reluctant to even enter
poor rural markets and are especially wary of providing services in food markets, as
transaction costs and risks of doing business are often too high to make it worthwhile.
This results in a cycle of underdevelopment where high transaction costs limit market
investment, resulting in low volumes of production and trade, which again lead to high
transaction costs and risks (Penrose-Buckley, 2007). As this cycle is caused by market
distortions and failures, it is unlikely that the market will create a solution. Thus, non-
market interventions that can reduce the costs and risks of doing business are needed.
One way of doing this would be to coordinate the investments of all actors so they all
invest at the same time; however, in current liberalized markets there is often no one to
play this coordination role, resulting in markets remaining weak.
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