Английская грамматика: модальные глаголы

assumption/ logical conclusion предположение/ логический вывод	will
They will be here soon. By 5 pm we will have finished our meeting. Они скоро будут здесь. К пяти часам мы закончим наше заседание.
determination стремление	will will	I will give up smoking. Я брошу курить.
instant decision мгновенное решение		It’s raining. I won’t go shopping today. I’ll go tomorrow. Идет дождь. Я не пойду за покупками сегодня. Пойду завтра.
inner compulsion внутреннее принуждение	must	I must lose weight. Мне нужно похудеть.
inner compulsion внутреннее принуждение	need	I need to work hard. Мне нужно усердно работать.
invitation suggesting that willingness to do something is automatic приглашение, предполагающее, что желание что – то сделать, автоматическое	shall	Shall we go and taste that new dish? Пойдем попробуем то новое блюдо?
insistent invitation настойчивое приглашение	must	You must come and stay with us. Ты должен приехать и остановиться у нас.
informal invitation неформальное приглашение	can	I’m having a party on Saturday. Can you come? У меня вечеринка в субботу. Можешь прийти?
criticism критика	could	You could at least tell me what they said. По крайней мере можешь мне рассказать, что они сказали.
indirect criticism косвенная критика	must	Must you always make so much noise when I am speaking? Вам всегда нужно так шуметь, когда я говорю?
mild criticism средняя критика	need	You needn’t be obstinate. Тебе не надо быть упрямым.
criticizing irritating habits критика раздражающих привычек	can	You can be really annoying, you know! Знаешь, ты можешь так раздражать.
criticism of an action критика действия	should	You shouldn’t eat so much late at night. Тебе не следует есть так много поздно ночью.
present habit привычка в настоящее время	will	She will always help you whenever she can. Она всегда поможет тебе, когда может. Jim will give me presents. Джим все дарит мне подарки.
past time habit привычка из прошлого	would	On Sundays we would visit our relatives. По воскресеньям мы, бывало, навещали родственников.
challenging вызвать на поединок, соревнование	dare	I dare you to read the whole book in two days. Слабо прочитать всю эту книгу за два дня?
personal authority личные полномочия	will	You will stop smoking. Ты бросишь курить.
insistence настойчивость		A: I won’t do it! B: Yes, you will! A: Я этого не сделаю! B: Да, сделаешь.
chance/ opportunity, freedom to act шанс/ возможность, свобода действий	can	I can join you later. Я могу к вам присоединиться позже.
formal expressions of wishes and hopes официальное выражение пожеланий и надежд	may	May the new year bring you all your heart desires. – Пусть новый год исполнит все Ваши заветные желания.
suggesting alternatives предлагая альтернативу	can	You can stay here or go home. Можешь остаться здесь или поехать домой.
saying that somebody is afraid to do something выражение того, что кто – то боится что – то сделать		I daren’t tell her that. Я не посмею рассказать это ей.
unwillingness нежелание	couldn’t	I couldn’t possibly cook dinner for her. При всем желании я бы не смог приготовить ей ужин.
Stubbornness упрямство	will	If you will drive so fast, you will get into a car accident. Если будешь ехать так быстро, попадешь в аварию.
offering to do things for people предлагая сделать что – то для людей	can	Can I help you out? Могу я Вам помочь?
indignation	dare	How dare you! Stop smoking!
‘present progressive’ meaning значение «настоящего продолжительного» времени	can	I can see John crossing the street. Я вижу как Джон переходит улицу.

MODAL VERBS in English
Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb which express the mood of another verb.
They are used to express ideas such as: possibility, prediction, speculation, deduction and necessity.

Modal verbs have the following characteristics:

1) They do not have participle or infinitive forms
2) They do not take the ending -(e)s in the third-person singular.
3) They do not have a past form: He/she canted. He/she musted.
4) The negative is formed by the addition of not / n’t: He cannot/ He can’t. NOT He don’t can.
5) Questions are formed by inversion with the subject: Can you? NOT Do you can?

MODAL	CONCEPT	EXAMPLE
Can	Ability: Permission: Offers:	Julie can swim. Can I come with you? ('May' is also used.) Can I help you?
Could	Possibility: Past ability: Permission: Requests:	That story could be true - who knows! Charlie could swim when he was four years old. Could I use your phone please? Could you tell me the way to the station please?
May	Possibility: Permission:	The President may come to our offices if the meeting finishes before 5 pm. May I borrow your dictionary?
Might	Slight possibility : Past form of 'may' in reported speech:	We might win a prize but I doubt it. The President said he might come.
Must	Obligation: Logical deduction:	Dogs must be kept on a lead. You must be tired after your long journey.
Mustn't	Prohibition:	You mustn't tell Alex. It's a surprise!
Should	Advice: Logical deduction:	You should take an umbrella in case it rains. I've revised so I should be ready for the test.
Ought to	Advice: Logical deduction:	You ought to write to your grandmother. 30 € ought to be enough for the taxi.
Shall	Future tense auxiliary: Offers/suggestions with ''I' and 'we':	I shall be in London on Monday (or I'll be ...). Shall I order a taxi? Shall we begin the meeting now?
Will	Future tense auxiliary: Invitations/offers:	The ticket will cost about 50€. Will you join us for coffee? Won't you come in?

*semi-modals
Semi-modal verbs are composed of two or more separate words ending with ‘to’.
Have to / have got to - be able to - ought to are examples of semi-modal verbs.

1. Modal verbs. Can and could

Теория:
Study the information about modal verbs ‘can’ and ‘could’.
Modal verb ‘can’:
1. Possibility

We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:

It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)

2. We use could as the past tense of can:
It could be very cold in winter. (=Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
3. We use could to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:
If we don’t hurry we could be late.
4. We use could have to show that something is/was possible now or at some time in the past:
It’s ten o’clock. They could have arrived now.
5. Impossibility:

We use the negative can’t or cannot to show that something is impossible:

That can’t be true.
Mark cannot be serious.
6. We use couldn’t/could not to talk about the past:
They knew it could not be true.
7. Ability:
We use can to talk about someone’s skill or general abilities:
She can swim like a fish.
They can’t dance very well.
We use can to talk about the ability to do something at a given time in the present or future:
You can make a lot of money if you are lucky.
We use could to talk about past time:
She could play volleyball.

8. Permission:
We use can to ask for permission to do something:
Can I ask a question, please?

Could is more formal and polite than can:
Could I ask a question please?
We use can to give permission:
You can go home now if you like.
We use can to say that someone has permission to do something:
Students can travel free.