Export spending
(X)
is demand of foreign businesses and households, so to understand what affects export
spending we must “get inside the heads” of those foreign companies and households. In general they
respond to the same incentives as American households and businesses, so you simply look to the same set
of determinants. For example, if Europe falls into a recession and income falls and unemployment rises,
then its households and businesses are likely to buy less – and some of that reduced spending will be on
what they buy from the US. This means the recession in Europe translates into reduced spending on
American exports. Also affecting export demand would be exchange rates – the price of the US$. If the
price of the US$ goes up, then US goods are more expensive to foreign buyers so export spending in the
US would fall.
Import spending
(M)
is the demand for foreign goods and services of Americans, so to understand what
affects import spending we must get inside the heads of those American companies and households –
which we have already done. For example, if American consumers increase their purchase of Chinese toys
in December, this will show up as an increase in import spending that actually reduces aggregate demand
(AD) for American products. This is why it shows up with a negative sign in the AD equation. Also
affecting import demand would be exchange rates. If the price of the US$ goes up, then foreign goods are
less expensive so import spending in the US would rise.
Government spending
(G
)
is demand for “stuff” from the government. An increase in defense spending,
such as that which occurred during the US war in Iraq and the Obama stimulus package both represent an
increase in government spending.
Now we are ready to translate those news stories into the AS-AD model. A change in any of the factors
affecting C, I, G, X, and M will shift the AS or AD curves – you just have to decide which curve shifts and
in which direction. As you work through the problems it makes life easier if you think of all the shifts as
inward and outward shifts and not up and down. When you say there is an increase in either AS or AD,
then it shows up as an outward shift, and when you say there is a decrease, then it shows up as an inward
shift. I also suggest that when you see an AS - AD graph be sure to illustrate the graph as I have done here.
The AD curve should be amended to include the equation
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