domain, economists choose the utility function that is best able to incorporate the
essential considerations for that domain, and then evaluate whether the inclusion
of specific considerations improves the predictive
or explanatory power of a
model. The same approach can be applied to multiple-motive models of intertem-
poral choice. For drug addiction, for example, habit formation, visceral factors,
and hyperbolic discounting seem likely to play a prominent role. For extended ex-
periences, such as health states, careers,
and long vacations, the preference for
improvement is likely to come into play. For brief,
vivid experiences, such as
weddings or criminal sanctions, utility from anticipation may be an important de-
terminant of behavior.
In sum, we believe that economists’ understanding
of intertemporal choices
will progress most rapidly by continuing to import insights from psychology, by
relinquishing the assumption that the key to understanding intertemporal choices
is finding the right discount rate (or even the right discount function), and by read-
opting the view that intertemporal choices reflect many distinct considerations
and often involve the interplay of several competing motives. Since different mo-
tives may be evoked to different degrees by different situations (and by different
descriptions of the
same
situation), developing descriptively adequate models of
intertemporal choice will not be easy; but we hope this discussion will help.
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