207
T I M E D I S C O U N T I N G
by increasing awareness that, in discussions about time preference, different people
may be using the same term to refer to significantly different underlying constructs.
42
Unpacking Time Preference
Early twentieth-century economists’ conceptions of intertemporal choice included
detailed accounts of disparate underlying psychological motives. With the advent
of the DU model in 1937, however, economists eschewed considerations of specific
motives, proceeding as if all intertemporal behavior could be explained by the
unitary construct of time preference. In this section, we question whether even
time preference itself should be regarded as a unitary construct.
Issues of this type are hotly debated in psychology. For example, psychologists
debate the usefulness of conceptualizing intelligence in terms of a single unitary
Future consequence
confers less utility
Future utility is
less important
Uncertainty
Opportunity costs
Changing tastes
Increased wealth
Amount
of utility
Weighting
of utility
?
?
?
?
δ
Figure
6.3 Amount and weighting of future utility.
Source:
Adapted from Fredrick (1999).
42
Not only do people use the same term to refer to different concepts (or sets of concepts), they also
use different terms to represent the same concept. The welter of terms used in discussions of intertem-
poral choice include discount factor, discount rate, marginal private rate of discount, social discount
rate, utility discount rate, marginal social rate of discount, pure discounting, time preference, subjec-
tive rate of time preference, pure time preference, marginal rate of time preference, social rate of time
preference, overall time preference, impatience, time bias, temporal orientation, consumption rate of
interest, time positivity inclination, and “the pure futurity effect.” Broome (1995, pp. 128–29) notes
that some of the controversy about discounting results from differences in how the term is used:
On the face of it . . . typical economists and typical philosophers seem to disagree. But actually I
think there is more misunderstanding here than disagreement. . . . When economists and philoso-
phers think of discounting, they typically think of discounting different things. Economists typi-
cally discount the sorts of goods that are bought and sold in markets [whereas] philosophers are
typically thinking of a more fundamental good, people’s
well-being.
. . . It is perfectly consistent to
discount commodities and not well-being.
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