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T I M E D I S C O U N T I N G
perspective.
19
O’Donoghue and Rabin (1999c) examine the implications of hyper-
bolic discounting for contracting when a principal is concerned with combating
procrastination by an agent. They show how incentive schemes with “deadlines”
may be a useful screening device to distinguish efficient delay from inefficient
procrastination. O’Donoghue and Rabin (2001) explore procrastination when a
person must not only choose
when
to complete a task, but also
which
task to com-
plete. They show that a person might never carry out a very easy and very good
option because they continually
plan
to carry out an even better but more onerous
option. For instance, a person might never take half an hour to straighten the
shelves in her garage because she persistently plans to take an entire day to do a
major cleanup of the entire garage. Extending this logic, they show that providing
people with new options might make procrastination more likely. If the person’s
only option were to straighten the shelves, she might do it in a timely manner; but
if the person can either straighten the shelves or do the major cleanup, she now
may do nothing. O’Donoghue and Rabin (1999d) apply this logic to retirement
planning.
O’Donoghue and Rabin (1999a, 2000), Gruber and Koszegi (2000), and
Carrillo (1999) have applied (
b
,
d
) preferences to addiction. These researchers
describe how hyperbolic discounting can lead people to overconsume harmful ad-
dictive products, and examine the degree of harm caused by such overconsump-
tion. Carrillo and Mariotti (2000) and Benabou and Tirole (2000) have examined
how (
b
,
d
) preferences might influence a person’s decision to acquire informa-
tion. If, for example, one is deciding whether to embark on a specific research
agenda, one may have the option to get feedback from colleagues about its likely
fruitfulness. The standard economic model implies that people should always
choose to acquire this information if it is free. Carrillo and Mariotti show, how-
ever, that hyperbolic discounting can lead to “strategic ignorance”—a person with
hyperbolic discounting who is worried about withdrawing from an advantageous
course of action when the costs become imminent might choose not to acquire
free information if doing so increases the risk of bailing out.
Self-Awareness
A person with time-inconsistent preferences may or may not be aware that his or
her preferences will change over time. Strotz (1955–56) and Pollak (1968) dis-
cussed two extreme alternatives. At one extreme, a person could be completely
“naive” and believe that her future preferences will be identical to her current
preferences. At the other extreme, a person could be completely “sophisticated”
and correctly predict how his or her preferences will change over time. While ca-
sual observation and introspection suggest that people lie somewhere between
these two extremes, behavioral evidence regarding the degree of awareness is
quite limited.
19
While not framed in terms of hyperbolic discounting, Akerlof’s (1991) model of procrastination
is formally equivalent to a hyperbolic model.
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