Adv Behav Econ pdf


T I M E D I S C O U N T I N G



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T I M E D I S C O U N T I N G
Consumption Independence
The DU model explicitly assumes that a person’s well-being in period 
t
1

is in-
dependent of his or her consumption in any other period—that is, that the mar-
ginal rate of substitution between consumption in periods 
t
and 
t
9
is independent
of consumption in period 
t
0
.
Consumption independence is analogous to, but fundamentally different from,
the independence axiom of expected-utility theory. In expected-utility theory, the
independence axiom specifies that preferences over uncertain prospects are not
affected by the consequences that the prospects share—that is, that the utility of
an experienced outcome is unaffected by other outcomes that one might have ex-
perienced (but did not). In intertemporal choice, consumption independence says
that preferences over consumption profiles are not affected by the nature of con-
sumption in periods in which consumption is identical in the two profiles—that is,
that an outcome’s utility is unaffected by outcomes experienced in prior or future
periods. For example, consumption independence says that one’s preference be-
tween an Italian and Thai restaurant tonight should not depend on whether one
had Italian last night nor whether one expects to have it tomorrow. As the exam-
ple suggests, and as Samuelson and Koopmans both recognized, there is no com-
pelling rationale for such an assumption. Samuelson (1952, p. 674) noted that
“the amount of wine I drank yesterday and will drink tomorrow can be expected
to have effects upon my today’s indifference slope between wine and milk.” 
Similarly, Koopmans (1960, p. 292) acknowledged, “One cannot claim a high 
degree of realism for [the independence assumption], because there is no clear
reason why complementarity of goods could not extend over more than one time
period.”
Stationary Instantaneous Utility
When applying the DU model to specific problems, it is often assumed that the
cardinal instantaneous utility function 
u
(
c
t
) is constant across time, so that the
well-being generated by any activity is the same in different periods. Most econ-
omists would acknowledge that stationarity of the instantaneous utility function is
not sensible in many situations, because people’s preferences in fact do change
over time in predictable and unpredictable ways. Though this unrealistic assump-
tion is often retained for analytical convenience, it becomes less defensible as
economists gain insight into how tastes change over time (see Loewenstein and
Angner, in press, for a discussion of different sources of preference change).
5
5
As will be discussed, endogenous preference changes, due to things such as habit formation or
reference dependence, are best understood in terms of consumption interdependence and not nonsta-
tionary utility. In some situations, nonstationarities clearly play an important role in behavior—see,
for example, Suranovic, Goldfarb, and Leonard (1999) and O’Donoghue and Rabin (1999a, 2000)
discuss the importance of nonstationarities in the realm of addictive behavior.



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