Adjective making suffixes in english and uzbek languages

3. SUFFIXES IN THE FORMATION OF THE WORD.
The study presents a comparative analysis of the role of suffixes in the English and Uzbek languages. According to B. Farmonov (2017), the etymological origin of the allocated affixes is various. In English language, there are basically affixes that penetrated into the language together with Latin bases, but during development, English language received the ability to join not only Romanic bases but also Germanic origin bases [2, p.26].
Unlike English, the Uzbek language has the specific base structure. Affixes – loans of the Persian – Tadjik origin differently were accustomed in the language [2, p.26]. English is a language, being analytical, poorer elements of morphological word-building, moreover, there are so many producing words consisting of one root, so in English so developed and the semantic ambiguity and its nomination as a base.
The comparative analysis of semantic derivatives English and Uzbek languages will show that the compared languages have certain typological similarities. Isomorphism is manifested in the fundamental similarity of the semantics of general trends characterizing the synchronous organization of vocabulary.
In English, the lexical-semantic word-building takes place on the basis of a wide range of concepts, for example, the concrete substantive concepts in the process of word formation is actively used. There is also a possibility of applying the internal semantic relationship between nouns with concrete concepts and evolving concept. This can be seen as a set of objects and abstract concepts. The difference in the nature and width of the range of lexical-semantic word-building in these two languages arise for two reasons: linguistic and extra linguistic. Internally linguistic reason is the difference in structure type of the two languages.
As is known, the Uzbek language belongs to the Turkic group of languages, English - to German, Uzbek defined as agglutinative analytical, English – both analytical and synthetic. The Uzbek language is part of a large group of Turkic languages and refers to the agglutinative type, as well as Mongolian, Korean, Hungarian, Japanese, Finno-Ugric languages [6, p.75]. This means that each individual is characterized by morphological affix value, and each additional affix has only one value.
There are previous studies related to this research that make only comparison of adjective suffixes or noun suffixes. One of them was conducted by B. Farmanov (2017) under the title “Comparative analysis of adjectival suffixes and prefixes in the English and Uzbek languages” [2, p.26]. Another research was conducted by M. Azimova (2017) under the title “The comparative study of semantic derivation in the English and Uzbek languages”.The most productive suffixes which form adjectives used in English are the following: -able, -al, -an, -ic, -ical, -ive, -ful, -less, -ous, -y. These suffixed change the word class – from verb or noun to adjective. Sometimes there is a spelling change: leaving out the final “s” before –al (politics – political, economics –economical), doubling the consonant (sun – sunny), leaving out the final “e” (create – creative, fame- famous, nature – natural), changing “y” to “i” (industry –industrial).
Suffix -able/-ible is used to form a lot of adjectives from verbs and nouns. The word-building models are v + -able/-ible → Adj: enjoyable, suitable (right/correct for a particular situation) and n + -able/-ible → Adj (only a few adjectives): comfortable, knowledgeable (knows a lot). Quite often this suffix has the meaning “can be done”. For example: reliable – can be relied on or trusted; comprehensible – can be comprehended or understood. Sometimes there is a spelling change: changing “y’ to “i” before the suffix (rely – reliable), changing of consonants (comprehend – comprehensible).
Words ending in -able quite often express the opposite meaning be adding the prefix un-: unreliable, uncomfortable, and unsuitable. Words ending in -ible add the prefix in-: incomprehensible, inflexible.
Suffix –al is added to nouns or adjectives ending in -ic, in the last case it is sometimes considered as suffix –ical (ideology –ideological, philosophy – philosophical). The derivational model is n + -al → Adj.
Suffix - (i) an is added to nouns and the adjectives mostly denote belonging to a place (a country, a city, a region, etc.) or a famous person, a theory, etc. The model is n + -an → Adj: Italian, American, Parisian, Siberian, Shakespearian, Spenserian.
Suffixes -ful and -less
Suffix -ful often means “full of” + the meaning of the noun from which it is derived: careful (full of care), helpful (full of help), useful, beautiful, painful (hurts a lot), thoughtful (kind and always thinks about others). Sometimes the adjectives are derived from verbs: to forget – forgetful, to thank – thankful. . The derivational model is n + -ful → Adj and v + -ful → Adj.This is evidenced by the following opinion of Halliday : “all languages require new terms, or new combinations of words, to express new ideas”. That is why, in this respective, morphological processes, otherwise known as word formation processes are the major processes whereby words are formed in Language, moreover, the process that have probably added the largest number of words fall into two expansive categories, inflection and derivation. As Katamba mentioned, inflection is driven by the requirement to form a word with the appropriate form in a particular grammatical context.