ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN SCIENCE, EDUCATION AND TRAINING. FEBRUARY, 2021 -III. ISSN 2181-9750
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Several types of falera have been identified in excavations. They can often be found
in images of statues or tombstones of soldiers [8].
In the early Middle Ages, as the number of military campaigns in European
countries increased, many social links emerged in the life of society, and religious
ideology rose to the stage of leadership. Only in the early eleventh century began to
create Christian orders. After the conquest of Jerusalem, many knights could not find
work. Power in the new kingdom was seized by the barons and those around them.
These knights could not get rich and sought training for themselves. Some of them
joined the monk-hospitals, serving the sick and the pilgrims visiting Jerusalem. In
1118, a serious change took place in the life of the hospital, and noble knights were
admitted to the military branches.
In order to distinguish and encourage them, a special order - the order(award) of
hospitals (ioannites) was established. It should be noted that belonging to this or that
award, its features have led to the distinction of individuals in clothing. For example,
the Franciscans, who were considered helpless, wore brown robes with mandatory
belts, the Sylvesters wore wide air-colored mounts, the Palestinians wore black belts
over white robes, and the Carmelites wore caps with stripes along with arrests. Also in
the early Middle Ages in Kievan russian was awarded a gold hryvnia, a weapon, a
chain with a cross. In the 16th century, the Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible introduced
the custom of rewarding those who showed courage in battle with small gold or silver
coins. From those times, the prizes were sewn on hats or coats. At that time, it served
as a sign of special courage, courage. In the fourteenth century, the process of the
emergence of secular medals began in many European countries. For example, in
England - the Order of Podvyazka, in France - the Order of the Star.
Among other orders established in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Danish Order
of the Elephant is the most famous, first appearing during the Crusades and featuring
a white elephant with a battle tower, commemorating the encounter with the monster
during the Crusades. The emergence of the first secular knightly orders in Russia is
associated with the name of Peter the Great. In medieval Spain, the Order of Saints
Montezskaya was created in honor of the castle of Monteza in Valencia, which
belonged to the heir to the Spanish throne. Also, the Order of Malta, which is part of
the Spanish awards network, was the basis for the creation of the special royal order of
John in 1802, while retaining its traditional symbol. In 1811, during the reign of the
Cortes in Spain, they established the military order of St. Ferdinand, with which the
government awarded those who had shown courage in the struggle for Spanish
independence.
In France, the Order of St. Hubert was founded in 1416, and in 1786 became the
Order of the King. The Order of St. Michael was founded by Louis XI in 1469 and
served as an award for services to science and art. The Orders of Saint Karmelskaya
and Saint Lazarus were established in 1607 by Henry IV to be presented to the royal
bodyguards. The Order of St. Louis was founded in 1693. In the corners of its obverse
there is a white cross with a lotus flower and the image of the Saint, as well as the date
of its establishment.
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