73
Understanding Organizational Practice Adoption …
delivery process were required to act as ‘appropriate brand ambassadors…at all times and
in all places.’
In general terms the principles whereby employees are empowered with additional
discretion and authority are widely-accepted as a means by which service managers can
improve the performance and commitment of their frontline staff (Hardy and O’Sullivan
1998
). In practice empowerment programs embody
a myriad of changes compris
-
ing both behavioral aspects (e.g., delegation, participative decision-making, employee
involvement and the sharing of information) and psycho-emotional aspects (e.g., induc
-
ing employee self-efficacy) (Huang et al.
2006
; Labianca et al.
2000
). However, despite
their popularity many empowerment initiatives encounter resistance from employees and
fail to meet expectations, typically for reasons pertaining to structure (i.e., form of the
change), process (i.e., implementation of the change) and context (Labianca et al.
2000
).
When applied to the Asian context it is argued that cultural differences (particularly
high power distance) add to this potential for failure and disenchantment (e.g., Hui
et al.
2004
). In a context where subsidiary employees take inequality for granted and are
accustomed to taking orders, their propensity to exercise the discretionary power allowed
by management essential for empowerment to work successfully is often sorely lacking
(Huang et al.
2006
; eylon and au
1999
), particularly among service employees as the
‘boundary-spanners’ at the organization-customer interface (Hui et al.
2004
). For lower-
ranking Thai employees similarly accustomed to close supervision and a lack of discre
-
tionary power the notion of taking on more decision-making and personal accountability
runs against the cultural tradition of deference and humility (e.g., Kumbanarak
1987
).
In recent years, however, the empirical evidence for variations in empowerment effects
between high and low power-distance cultures (including Thailand) has become more
equivocal (e.g., Eylon and Au
1999
; Hui et al.
2004
; Yukongdi
2010
). Accordingly,
researchers have focused on the potential moderating role of, for example, organizational
tenure,
hierarchical rank, organizational culture, sampling inconsistencies (e.g., indig
-
enous firms versus MNE subsidiaries), and generational differences ( see Huang et al.
2006
; Hui et al.
2004
for useful reviews).
Initial interviews with our case respondents showed that
while senior subsidiary man
-
agers complained about the lack of empowerment adoption at the customer interface,
among the guards themselves there was both willingness and belief. On probing this
apparent discrepancy the guards were adamant that their failure to
act was not due to the
reluctance—tacit or otherwise—on the part of their superiors to hand-over more authority
and responsibility. Instead, six out of the seven guards interviewed stated
kreng jai
—as a
mixture of awkwardness, unease and embarrassment in taking on additional activities felt
to be the intrinsic and exclusive domain of the supervisor/foreman.
One informant expressed this feeling as follows: “I feel bad to do this (
extra
) duty
because whatever they say this is boss’s job, it is not my thing to do….no I don’t worry
about extra work, I am happy to do this for him if he wants…but we just feel it’s not
good, it’s not correct…in our minds it belongs to him as our leader, who we respect and
admire…and truthfully I don’t know if he is ok or not but for us it is good for him to do
these things because of who he is for us…that’s why we
kreng jai
…”
Concerning the practice of empowering subordinates, the supervisors (foremen) we
interviewed also expressed their reluctance due to
kreng jai
—specifically in terms of the
74
T. G. Andrews and N. Chompusri
paternal consideration for their security teams, their already heavy workloads and (vari
-
ously) their lack of time, resources, opportunities or connections to properly take care
either of themselves or their dependents. As one stated:
…of course, if I just handover (
the extra tasks and responsibilities
) to my team it’s
good for me, I have less to worry about…but you must understand that these men
who become security guards, generally they have limited opportunities in life…
many are rejects from the police or the military, they work long hours in hot and
difficult conditions for low salaries… and then they have families who depend on
them upcountry…so for me it is not about if I worry about whether they can cope
with the extra responsibilities, because I know already that they can do for sure….
so my reason is to not put more burden on them here at work and also pressure that
will affect their free time for family or their leisure/relax time…yes I feel
kreng jai
to them about this (
empowerment
), even though I am the boss…it’s normal…
Pressed as to whether this evident reluctance—unanimously expressed in our sample of
foremen—was down to the typical high power-distance ranking divide all were adamant
that this in fact played no role: “….it’s not relevant. They can do it (
take on additional
authority/responsibility
), they’ve done it before when I’ve needed them to. It’s not an
issue.”
As Table
3
summarizes, lower-ranking subordinate employees expressed a reticence
towards empowerment adoption based both on high power-distance and
kreng jai
where,
again, distinct and differing motivations coalesced behind one overarching behavioral
response. Perhaps more interesting here was the
kreng jai
-derived reticence of supervi
-
sors to empower their guards. Specifically, whereas the obvious determinant here would
be high power-distance (expressing an elevated and deeply-embedded
assumption of
organizational member inequality) in actual fact this construct played no role at all, the
major reason proffered being
kreng jai
borne out of consideration for the wider circum
-
stances of their staff.
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