Abstract: 0 this study examines how, to what extent, and with what effect the indigenous cultural con



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Bog'liq
Kreng-Jai

kreng jai
when 
faced with the prospect of seeing their boss later (Andrews and Krairit 
2009
).
as a 
text-based
medium email is largely bereft of visual and aural social cues (Sproull 
and Kiesler 
1986
) and as such holds a far lower capacity to facilitate shared meaning than 
FtF interaction. This is compounded by its asynchronicity (or non-simultaneity), meaning 
that the communication generally lacks the attributes of instant feedback, body language, 
language variety and personal delivery (Byron 
2008
). Together these deficiencies pose 
particular problems across East Asia in expressing appropriate deference and respect in 
workplace interaction, which depends upon the ‘rich’ communication cues that email, as 
an inherent equalizer, is unable to deliver (Huang et al. 
2003
). Similarly, the development 
and nurturing of workplace relationships integral to high-context cultures also depends on 
the ‘rich’ cues inherently suppressed in email. As such email tends to be used sparingly 
and with some reticence for anything other than simple information transfer (Kambayashi 
2003
) despite the (generally) more positive attitudes towards e-communication expressed 
among the younger, often western-educated generation (Andrews and Krairit 
2009
).
among our informants 
kreng jai
was cited repeatedly as the prime motivator both for 
the under-use and the over-use of the Cesaritt email communication system. A major 
illustration of under-use stems from where a superior sends a message to a group of sub
-
ordinates soliciting opinion and comment but receives no reply. The 
kreng jai
proffered 
by ten out of fourteen informants—and unanimously among the lower ranks—in this 
case expresses the reluctance to push forward one’s own point of view, particularly where 
this may cause discomfort. As one informant opined: “I think no one want to reply first 
because we
 kreng jai
to show opinion to the others where everyone can see and read. It 
not suitable for Thai, the others will think we try show off…especially if maybe the other 
people older than us or more experienced…”


72
T. G. Andrews and N. Chompusri
there was also a 
kreng jai
—prompted reticence where the sender harbored negative 
feelings towards the recipient. Email was felt to be an inappropriate method to convey 
negative emotion due to its being ‘recorded’ and ‘written so everyone can see’, and, as 
such, generally avoided. Concerning the seemingly related issues of face and preserving 
harmonious relations, whereas respondents agreed that these were of import, their spe-
cific feelings towards the situations described above were expressed as being ‘more to do 
with 
kreng jai
’ due to its specific embodiment of reticence, of holding back.
Concerning perceived overuse, informants highlighted several situations in which 
kreng jai
actually 
encouraged
the use of email as the medium of choice due to its non-
intrusive nature. Rather than disturb a superior with a telephone call or a ‘knock at the 
door’ email was perceived as a more discrete means of contact and as such a natural home 
for indigenous communication. As one informant expressed it: “…even ( 
with
) good news 
I think Thai feel 
kreng jai
about maybe disturb boss when he work or talking or in the 
meeting…because ( 
we
) cannot know what he do, like maybe he busy and so happy (i.e., 
with good news
) but annoyed with me at same time. So email better”. Interestingly this 
kind of reticence was also expressed when dealing with peers and even subordinates 
where 

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