Sell the Picks
Just as it’s better to own the land under a mine, it’s also good business to sell
picks to the miners. The California Gold Rush proved that was true 170 years
ago. Amazon proves it’s still true today. Amazon owns a lucrative mine: the
firm divides its revenue between retail sales of consumer products (Amazon
itself and Amazon Marketplace) and “Other,” the group that holds ad sales
from Amazon Media Group and its cloud services (AWS).
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Most e-commerce firms can never get to profitability and, at some point,
investors tire of a vision that’s “reheated Bezos.” The firm gets sold (Gilt,
Hautelook, Red Envelope) or shutters (
Boo.com
, Fab,
Style.com
). A
combination of a winner-take-all ecosystem, accelerating customer
acquisition, last-mile costs, and a generally inferior (online) experience,
makes pure-play e-commerce untenable.
Amazon doesn’t escape this fact. But even if Amazon’s core business
(pure-play e-commerce) is a difficult one for turning a profit, the immense
value Amazon has delivered to consumers has created the most trusted, and
reputable, consumer brand on the planet.
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,
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Amazon has dominated e-
commerce sales volume, but its business model isn’t easily replicated or
sustained. These days, it’s easy to forget that Amazon did not turn its first
profit until Q4 2001,
seven years
after its founding,
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and has dipped in and
out of profitability ever since. In the past few years, Amazon has traded on
this brand equity, leveraging it to extend into other businesses, and has
expanded into other, simply better (more profitable) businesses. Looking
back, Amazon’s retail platform just may have been the Trojan Horse that
established the relationships and brand later monetized with other businesses.
While year-to-year growth for Amazon’s retail business ranged from 13
percent to 20 percent from Q1 to Q3 2015, Amazon Web Services—the
retailer’s network of servers and data storage technology—has grown 49
percent to 81 percent during that same interval. AWS also grew into a
significant portion of Amazon’s total operating income, from 38 percent in
Q1 2015 to 52 percent in Q3 2015.
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Analysts predict that AWS could reach
$16.2 billion in sales by the end of 2017, making it worth $160 billion—more
than the company’s retail unit.
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In other words, while the world still thinks
of Amazon as a retailer, it has quietly become a cloud company—the world’s
biggest.
And Amazon isn’t stopping at web hosting. Amazon Media Group alone
will likely soon surpass Twitter’s 2016 revenue of $2.5 billion,
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making it
one of the largest online media properties.
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Amazon Prime, the most
nonexclusive club in America (44 percent of U.S. households
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), is offering,
for $99/year, free two-day shipping, two-hour shipping on select products
(Amazon Now), and music and video streaming, including original content.
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Ideas for content are given the budget for a pilot, and then viewers are asked
to vote online for which series get greenlighted.
Amazon, like any sovereign superpower, pursues a triad strategy: air, land,
and sea. Can you, Mr. Retailer, get your stuff to your consumer in an hour?
No problem. Amazon can do it for you (for a fee), because it’s making the
investment you can’t afford to make—warehouses run by robots near city
centers, thousands of trucks, and dedicated cargo planes. Each day, four
Boeing 767 cargo planes carry goods from Tracy, California, via an airport in
nearby Stockton that was half the size three years ago, to a 1-million-square-
foot warehouse that didn’t even exist until last year.
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In early 2016, Amazon was given a license by the Federal Maritime
Commission to implement ocean freight services as an Ocean Transportation
Intermediary. So, Amazon can now ship others’ goods. This new service,
dubbed Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA), won’t do much directly for individual
consumers. But it will allow Amazon’s Chinese partners to more easily and
cost-effectively get their products across the Pacific in containers. Want to
bet how long it will take Amazon to dominate the oceanic transport business?
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The market to ship stuff (mostly) across the Pacific is a $350 billion
business, but a low-margin one. Shippers charge $1,300 to ship a forty-foot
container holding up to 10,000 units of product (13 cents per unit, or just
under $10 to deliver a flatscreen TV). It’s a down-and-dirty business, unless
you’re Amazon. The biggest component of that cost comes from labor:
unloading and loading the ships and the paperwork. Amazon can deploy
hardware (robotics) and software to reduce these costs. Combined with the
company’s fledgling aircraft fleet, this could prove another huge business for
Amazon.
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Between drones, 757/767s, tractor trailers, trans-Pacific shipping, and
retired military generals (no joke) who oversaw the world’s most complex
logistics operations (try supplying submarines and aircraft carriers that don’t
surface or dock more than once every six months), Amazon is building the
most robust logistics infrastructure in history. If you’re like me, this can only
leave you in awe: I can’t even make sure I have Gatorade in the fridge when I
need it.
Stores
The final brick in Amazon’s strategy for world domination is its use of
shitloads of assets piled up online to conquer the retail landscape offline.
That’s right—I mean stores, those things that were supposed to perish thanks
to e-commerce.
The truth is that the death of physical stores has been vastly overstated. In
fact, it’s not stores that are dying, but the middle class—and, in turn, the
businesses that serve that once-great cohort and its neighborhoods. The
largest mall owner in the United States is Simon Property Group. Its shares
have been hit hard in 2017 after hitting an all-time high in 2016.
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However,
Simon will likely be fine, as it sold properties in middle-and lower-income
neighborhoods to focus on wealthy neighborhoods. Forty-four percent of
total U.S. mall value, based on sales, size, and quality among other measures,
now resides with the top hundred properties, out of about a thousand malls.
Taubman Properties, another owner of high-end malls, reports tenants
averaged sales per square foot of $800 in 2015, up 57 percent since 2005.
Compare that to CBL & Associates Properties Inc., which operates “B” and
“C” malls. Its sales per square foot rose just 13 percent, to $374, during that
same period.
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So, stores are here to stay—if we are careful what stores we’re talking
about. But so is e-commerce. Ultimately, the real winners will be those
retailers who understand how to integrate both. Amazon aims to be that
company.
The next retail age will be coined the “multichannel era”—a time when
integration across web, social, and brick and mortar is crucial to success.
Everything points to Amazon dominating that era as well. I’ve said for a
while that Amazon will open stores—lots of them. It makes sense for them to
acquire either a struggling retailer, like Macy’s, or a company with a large
footprint and vascular system, like a convenience store franchise. Amazon’s
greatest expense is shipping, and their highest objective is to reach more and
more households in less and less time. This is why it made sense for Amazon
to acquire Whole Foods, a 460-store franchise
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that will give Amazon a
physical presence in urban centers, where affluent, fast-to-reach consumers
live. Amazon has had a decade of selling groceries online without much
success,
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as customers prefer to buy produce and meat in person. Key to
success in the multichannel era is knowing which channel to optimize and
how to cater to our hunter-gatherer instincts.
As of this writing, in addition to the Whole Foods acquisition, Amazon is
testing its own grocery stores in Seattle and the San Francisco Bay Area. It
now has bookstores in Seattle, Chicago, and New York City (with others
planned for San Diego, Portland, and New Jersey). Why does Amazon—
bookstore killer—need brick-and-mortar bookstores? To sell the Echo,
Kindle, and its other goods. Customers want to see, touch, and feel products,
Amazon’s chief financial officer Brian Olsavsky admitted.
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The firm is also
testing a dozen pop-up retail stores (with a total of perhaps one hundred
planned by the end of 2017) targeted at U.S. malls.
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This is happening even
as venerable retailers Macy’s and Sears, including its Kmart chain, and mall
giants JCPenney and Kohl’s have announced plans to shutter hundreds of
stores in 2017.
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,
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Meanwhile, to get a leg up in the multichannel era, brick-and-mortar
behemoth Walmart spent $3.3 billion to buy Amazon competitor
Jet.com
, in
what feels like a corporate midlife crisis and $3.3 billion hair plugs. Walmart
was frustrated they weren’t making progress in online sales, and their
frustration was justified. As Amazon marched on, Walmart’s e-commerce
sales growth had slowed, even flattened.
Jet.com
shows that the difference between a dot-bomb and a unicorn is a
huckster vs. a visionary, respectively.
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How can you tell the difference? One
has had an exit/liquidity event. Marc Lore, Jet’s founder, is that
visionary/huckster. Mr. Lore is Jeff Bezos’s brother by another mother. Or, if
you’re a retail worker, they are the spawn of Ayn Rand and Darwin, raised by
Darth Maul. Lore is also a banker who turned to e-commerce and chose a
low-consideration category that, even better than books, had replenishment
built in: diapers.
In 2005, Lore started
diapers.com
and launched several other categories for
parents under the corporate umbrella Quidsi.
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When Bezos toured the firm,
he must have felt at home, recognizing the warehouses close to urban centers
staffed by Kiva Robots standing behind a site run by algorithms. Bezos fell
hard and in 2011 paid $545 million for Quidsi.
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For half a billion dollars
Amazon bought momentum in key categories, got some great human capital,
and took a competitor off the market. But Lore didn’t want to work for Jeff
Bezos. He wanted to
be
Jeff Bezos. Twenty-four months later he bolted and,
with his new wealth, started
Jet.com
. This must have felt like a half-a-billion-
dollar divorce settlement to your husband, who then moves into the house
next door and starts fucking your friends.
The ex is still pissed off. In April 2017 Bezos closed Quidsi and laid off
many of its employees. Hey, if you leave me, your brother needs to move out
of the basement. Maybe Quidsi should have been shut down. But my bet is
this was Jeff saying to Marc, “and fuck you too.” We forget most of the
world’s major organizations are run by humans, middle-aged humans, who
have enormous egos that ensure they, on a regular basis, make an
emotional/irrational decision.
Jet uses algorithms to encourage you to increase the size of your basket by
lowering the price based on cost of shipping and how profitable the bundle is.
It has an annual membership fee of $50, similar to wholesale club Costco.
This was the first company that had the balls to take on Amazon head-to-head
and in its first year raised a quarter of a billion dollars. But there was a glitch:
the firm and offering made no sense.
Jet.com
announced soon after launch
that they were scrapping the membership model, as business was so strong
without it. This is the PR equivalent of turning chicken shit into chicken
salad. At the time of Walmart’s acquisition,
Jet.com
was spending $4
million/week on advertising and needed to get to $20 billion in annual sales
—more revenue than Whole Foods or Nordstrom—to break even.
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As
traditional consumer marketing wanes in importance at the hands of digital,
and better products emerge that consumers can discover using new tools of
diligence, entrepreneurs’ ability to spin lemons into lemonade to raise
ridiculous amounts of capital, position themselves as “disruptive,” and sell to
an old-economy firm hysterical over its deepening crow’s feet, is the new
“marketing.”
While Walmart attempts to bolt on an e-commerce operation to its existing
physical retail infrastructure, Amazon is building and acquiring stores to
complement its robust online retail—and is likely to win as a result.
Consumers increasingly prefer a channel-agnostic experience, where digital
(specifically your smartphone) serves as the connective tissue between
consumer, store, and site. The consumer always wins, and she has a choice:
Door 1, a great e-commerce experience; Door 2, a great in-store experience;
or Door 3, a great site and store experience connected by her mobile phone.
The ability to reserve something on her phone, pay later on mobile or
desktop, pick it up in store, and never have to wait in a checkout line is damn
near unbeatable. Sephora, Home Depot, and department stores already have
this kind of multichannel integration.
The future of retail may currently look more like Sephora than Amazon in
its current form. However, Amazon has the assets (capital, technology, trust,
unrivaled investment in last-mile fulfillment) to realize the multichannel
dreams of consumers, and help other retailers get there (for a price) as well.
Ultimately, then, why should Amazon, the king of online retail, get into
multichannel retail?
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Because e-commerce doesn’t work, isn’t economically
viable, and no pure e-commerce firm will survive long term.
On the front end of the e-commerce channel, the cost of customer
acquisition continues to rise as consumers’ loyalty to brands erodes. You
have to keep reacquiring them. In 2004, 47 percent of affluent consumers
could name a favorite retail brand; six years later that number dropped to 28
percent.
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That makes pure e-commerce play increasingly dangerous.
Nobody wants to be at the mercy of Google and disloyal consumers.
Amazon has decided it wants off the merry-go-round of high-price
acquisition coupled with zero loyalty. That’s why the company, via pricing
and exclusive content and products, is asking people either to join Amazon
Prime or leave. Prime members represent recurring revenue, loyalty, and
annual purchases that are 40 percent greater than non-Prime members.
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If
Prime continues to grow at its current rate, and people continue to cut the
cord, within the next eight years more households will have Amazon Prime
memberships than cable television.
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Shi, Audrey. “Amazon Prime Members Now Outnumber Non-Prime
Customers.”
Fortune
.
In addition, the cost to build out a robust multichannel offering—which is
rapidly becoming the table stakes for survival in retail—is painfully difficult
and expensive. Cue Amazon, whose infrastructure is, effectively, building the
cable pipe of stuff into the world’s wealthiest households. Seventy percent of
U.S. high-income households have Prime.
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Amazon’s storefronts will
effectively be warehouses that support Amazon’s, and other retailers’, last-
mile problem.
The cost to get you that little black dress from a warehouse to a truck to a
plane to a truck to your house, where you’re not home, come back the next
day, where you try it on and decide to have a guy in a brown uniform take it
back to his truck to a plane to a truck to the warehouse, is (
very
) expensive.
Amazon’s fulfillment costs have grown 50 percent since Q1 2012.
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That’s
not sustainable, unless Amazon can garner membership fees and charge
others to use its infrastructure … which is exactly where the company is
headed.
At the apex of its power, Walmart never had its own planes or drones.
Overnight delivery firms FedEx, DHL, and UPS have raised their prices an
average of 83 percent over the last decade. And since the advent of tracking
thirty years ago, there hasn’t been much innovation in the overnight space. In
sum, these guys are sticking their chins out, and the biggest stone fist is
headed their way. DHL, UPS, and FedEx are worth a combined $120
billion.
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Much of this value will leak to Amazon over the next decade, as
consumers trust Amazon more, and the Seattle firm can boast the largest
shipper in the United States and Europe—itself—as its first client.
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