A review of Functional Separators for Lithium Metal Battery Applications



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Figure 2. 
(
a

d
) SEM images: (
a
,
c
) cross-section of a PP/PE/PP separator before and after hot treatment 
at 140 °C for 0.5 h; (
b
,
d
) cross-section of a PE-PI-S nonwoven membrane before and after hot treatment 
140 °C for 0.5 h. (
e
) Impedance change with a heating rate 1 °C min

1
of the PP/PE/PP separator and 
PE-PI-S nonwoven membrane. (
f
) differential scanning calorimetry of the PI, PP/PE/PP, and PE/PI/S 
membranes [48]. Copyright (2015) Elsevier B.V. 
Ductile-to-brittle transition and melting temperature can be measured using thermogravimetric 
analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The shutdown temperature and degree of shutdown 
can be quantified by measuring the impedance spectroscopy and temperature changes in the cell 
containing the separator [49,50]. 
Figure 2.
(
a

d
) SEM images: (
a
,
c
) cross-section of a PP
/
PE
/
PP separator before and after hot treatment
at 140

C for 0.5 h; (
b
,
d
) cross-section of a PE-PI-S nonwoven membrane before and after hot treatment
140

C for 0.5 h. (
e
) Impedance change with a heating rate 1

C min

1
of the PP
/
PE
/
PP separator and
PE-PI-S nonwoven membrane. (
f
) di
ff
erential scanning calorimetry of the PI, PP
/
PE
/
PP, and PE
/
PI
/
S
membranes [
48
]. Copyright (2015) Elsevier B.V.
Ductile-to-brittle transition and melting temperature can be measured using thermogravimetric
analysis and di
ff
erential scanning calorimetry. The shutdown temperature and degree of shutdown
can be quantified by measuring the impedance spectroscopy and temperature changes in the cell
containing the separator [
49
,
50
].
2.7. (Thermal) Dimensional Stability
The shrinkage in commercial-grade separators should be less than 5% in all directions.
The shrinkage is measured by comparing the areas of original separator and areas of separator
which is impregnated with liquid electrolyte during a few hours. Also, the thermal shrinkage should
be less than 5% after 60 min at 90

C. [
45
]. Kang et al. reported the synthesis of a silica-PE separator
and applied it in a graphite
|
LiMn
2
O
4
cell (Figure
3
). Silica prevents electrolyte
/
thermal shrinkage by
mechanically maintaining the size of separator. Moreover, the pore structures achieved by binder-free,
thin-layer growth of silica facilitate e
ffi
cient ion transport. Consequently, the bioinspired silica-coated
separator improved thermal stability (1 h at 140

C) and exhibited high electrolyte wettability.


Materials
2020
,
13
, 4625
6 of 37
The improvement of ionic conductivity would synergistically contribute to the enhanced rate capability
of silica-PE separators compared with the unmodified PE and 2-dimethylaminoethanethiol(DMAET)-PE
separators [
51
].
Materials 
2020

13
, x 
6 of 38 
2.7. (Thermal) Dimensional Stability 
The shrinkage in commercial-grade separators should be less than 5% in all directions. The 
shrinkage is measured by comparing the areas of original separator and areas of separator which is 
impregnated with liquid electrolyte during a few hours. Also, the thermal shrinkage should be less 
than 5% after 60 min at 90 °C. [45]. Kang et al. reported the synthesis of a silica-PE separator and 
applied it in a graphite|LiMn
2
O
4
cell (Figure 3). Silica prevents electrolyte/thermal shrinkage by 
mechanically maintaining the size of separator. Moreover, the pore structures achieved by binder-
free, thin-layer growth of silica facilitate efficient ion transport. Consequently, the bioinspired silica-
coated separator improved thermal stability (1 h at 140 °C) and exhibited high electrolyte wettability. 
The improvement of ionic conductivity would synergistically contribute to the enhanced rate 
capability of silica-PE separators compared with the unmodified PE and 2-
dimethylaminoethanethiol(DMAET)-PE separators [51]. 

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