A history of the English Language

französischen und lateinischen (bezw. latinisierten) Lehnwörter bei Caxton
(Munich, 1907). 
Much additional material has become available with the publication of the 
Middle English 
Dictionary,
ed. Hans Kurath, Sherman M.Kuhn, John Reidy, and Robert E.Lewis (Ann Arbor, 
MI, 1952–2001). 
For the study of Anglo-Norman the appendix to A.Stimming’s 
Der Anglonormannische Boeve de 
Haumtone
(Halle, Germany, 1899) is invaluable. For the earlier period J.Vising’s 
Étude sur le 
dialecte anglo-normand du XII
e
 siècle
(Uppsala, Sweden, 1882) is important, and Emil Busch, 
Laut-und Formenlehre der Anglonormannischen Sprache des XIV
.
 Jahrhunderts,
is helpful for 
the later. L.E.Menger’s 
The Anglo-Norman Dialect
(New York, 1904) attempts to survey the 
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phonology and morphology down to the early fourteenth century. M.K.Pope’s 
From Latin to 
Modern French with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman
(2nd ed., Manchester, 1952) 
contains a chapter on the special developments in England. Skeat’s two lists in the 
Trans. of the 
Philological Soc.,
1880–1881 and 1888–1890, offer a convenient collection of French words 
used in England. 
The loss of native words is treated in a series of monographs, such as Emil Hemken, 
Das 
Aussterben alter Substantiva im Verlaufe der englischen Sprachgeschichte
(Kiel, Germany, 
1906). Similar treatments are those of Oberdörffer on the adjective (Kiel, 1908), Offe on the 
verb (Kiel, 1908), Rotzoll on diminutives (Heidelberg, 1909), and the more general dissertations 
of Fr.Teichert, 
Über das Aussterben alter Wörter im Verlaufe der englischen Sprachgeschichte
(Kiel, 1912), and Kurt Jaeschke, 
Beiträge zur Frage des Wortschwundes im Englischen
(Breslau, 1931); and Xavier Dekeyser and Luc Pauwels, “The Demise of the Old English 
Heritage and Lexical Innovation in Middle English,” 
Leuvense Bijdragen,
79 (1990), 1–23. The 
curtailment of prefix and suffix derivatives can be seen in such studies as T.P.Harrison, 
The 
Separable Prefixes in Anglo-Saxon
(Baltimore, MD, 1892), and the studies of individual 
prefixes in Old English such as 
bi
by Lenze (Kiel, 1909), 
for(e)
by Siemerling (Kiel, 1909), 
on(d)
by Lüngen (Kiel, 1911), 
wið(er)
by Hohenstein (Kiel, 1912), and 
ofer
by Röhling 
(Heidelberg, 1914). Full titles of all these works can be found in Kennedy’s 
Bibliography
. 
The Latin borrowings in Middle English and the affectation of aureate terms are treated in the 
works of Dellit and Mendenhall mentioned in the footnotes to § 142 and § 143. The important 
references for the influence of the Low Countries are given in the footnote to § 145. 
The major study of Middle English dialects is by Angus Mclntosh, M.L.Samuels, and Michael 
Benskin with the assistance of Margaret Laing and Keith Williamson, 
A Linguistic Atlas of Late 
Mediaeval English
(4 vols., Aberdeen, 1986). During the preparation of the 
Atlas
several 
important essays on the principles of Middle English dialectology were published by Mclntosh 
and by Samuels and have been reprinted in 
Middle English Dialectology: Essays on Some 
Principles and Problems,
ed. Margaret Laing (Aberdeen, 1989). There are individual studies of 
particular dialect features and dialect areas, including the works of Wyld, Ekwall, Serjeantson, 
and others. A more extensive monograph is Gillis Kristensson, 
A Survey of Middle English 
Dialects 1290–1350: The Six Northern Counties and Lincolnshire
(Lund, Sweden, 1967; 
Lund 
Stud. in English,
vol. 35), with a useful bibliography covering the whole of England. On 
Chaucer’s English, see David Burnley, 
The Language of Chaucer
(London, 1983); Arthur 
O.Sandved, 
Introduction to Chaucerian English
(Cambridge, UK, 1985), and Christopher 
Cannon, 
The Making of Chaucer’s English: A Study of Words
(Cambridge, UK, 1998). 
Structural changes in the verb phrase during Chaucer’s period are examined by Ans van 
Kemenade, 
Syntactic Case and Morphological Case in the History of English
(Dordrecht, 
Netherlands, 1987) and by Elly van Gelderen, 
The Rise of Functional Categories
(Amsterdam, 
1993). A good overview of Middle English syntax is Olga Fischer’s chapter, “Syntax,” in 
The 
Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume II: 1066–1476,
ed. Norman Blake 
(Cambridge, UK, 1992), pp. 207
−
408. 
On the rise of Standard English the fundamental work is L.Morsbach, 
Ueber den Ursprung der 
neuenglischen Schriftsprache
(Heilbronn, Germany, 1888), which may be supplemented by 
H.M.Flasdieck, 
Forschungen zur Frülhzeit der neuenglischen Schriftsprache
(2 parts, Halle, 
Germany, 1922). Contributing elements are discussed by R.E.Zachrisson, “Notes on the Essex 
Dialect and the Origin of Vulgar London Speech,” 
Englische Studien,
59 (1925), 346–60; Agnes 
Peitz, 
Der Einfluss des nördlichen Dialektes im Mittelenglischen auf die entstehende 
Hochsprache
(Bonn, 1933); and H.C.Wyld, “South-Eastern and South-East Midland Dialects in 
Middle English,” 
Essays and Studies, 
6 (1920), 112–45. The characteristics of the London 
dialect are treated by B.A.Mackenzie, 
The Early London Dialect
(Oxford, 1928), to which may 
be added two articles by P.H.Reaney, “On Certain Phonological Features of the Dialect of 
London in the Twelfth Century,” 
Englische Studien,
59 (1925), 321–45, and “The Dialect of 
London in the Thirteenth Century,” 
ibid.,
61 (1926), 9–23. A later period is treated in Hans 
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Friederici, 
Der Lautstand Londons um 1400
(Jena, Germany, 1937; 
Forsch. zur engl. Phil,
no. 
6). An influential classification of fourteenth- and fifteenth-century varieties is by M.L. 
Samuels, “Some Applications of Middle English Dialectology,” 
English Studies,
44 (1963), 81–
94, revised in Laing. The latest of these varieties, Chancery English, is examined by John 
H.Fisher in a series of essays and in 
The Emergence of Standard English
(Lexington, KY, 
1996). For complexities to be considered in a full account, see Laura Wright, “About the 
Evolution of Standard English,” in 
Studies in English Language and Literature,
ed. Elizabeth 
M.Tyler and M.Jane Toswell (London, 1996), pp. 99–115, and the essays in 
The Development 
of Standard English 1300–1800: Theories, Descriptions, Conflicts,
ed. Laura Wright 
(Cambridge, UK, 2000). More generally on literacy and writing in medieval England, see 
M.T.Clanchy’s 
From Memory to Written Record: England, 1066–1307
(2nd ed., Oxford, 1993). 
Important collections of localized documents will be found in L.Morsbach, 
Mittelenglische 
Originalurkunden von der Chaucer-Zeit bis zur Mitte des XV. Jahrhunderts
(Heidelberg, 1923); 
H.M.Flasdieck, 
Mittelenglische Originalurkunden (1405–1430)
(Heidelberg, 1926); 
R.W.Chambers and Marjorie Daunt, 
A Book of London English, 1384–1425
(2nd ed., Oxford, 
1967); and John H. Fisher, Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L.Fisher, 
An Anthology of Chancery 
English
(Knoxville, TN, 1984). 
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