8127/frame/fm

 
Biological
Physiological
Biochemical/antigenic (serology, blood groups)
DNA
Somatic
Prints
Friction ridge
Other body parts (ears, lips, etc.)
Retinal patterns
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360
Principles and Practice of Criminalistics
This organization of physical evidence emphasizes the difference between
biological and nonbiological physician evidence. Biological evidence, or what
we refer to as personal identification evidence, can be linked directly to an
individual. Nonbiological physical evidence can be linked to a person only
through inferring multiple intervening associations.
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Index
 
A
AA analysis, see Atomic absorption analysis
AAFS, see American Academy of Forensic Sciences
ABC, see American Board of Criminalistics
Abiotic material, 124
ABO
in ants, 215
testing, 32
Absence of evidence, 173
Academic resources, 305
Accreditation, philosophy of, 309
Accuracy, 225
Acid phosphatase test, 32
Admissibility hearing, 292, 295
Adventitious traits, 92
Advocacy, system of, 15
AFTE, see Association of Firearms and Toolmark 
Examiners
Agreement by default, 295
Alternative hypothesis, 6, 168, 175, 248
Ambiguity, in absence of physical matching, 90
Ambiguous traits, 92
American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS), 
11, 65, 308, 313
American Association of Forensic Science Article 
II, 343
American Board of Criminalistics (ABC), 65, 303, 
307, 313
American Board of Criminalistics Rules of Profes-
sional Conduct, 345–346
American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors 
(ASCLD), 308
American Society for Testing and Materials 
(ASTM), 231
Analyst, 10
bias, 250
education, training, and experience of, 252
job of, 15
judgment, 262
Analytical evidence, 255
Anthropometry, 29, 30, 44
Antibodies, immunological tests using, 40
Applied science, 7, 8, 286
Apprenticeship, 306
ASCLD, see American Society of Crime Laboratory 
Directors
Association, 18, 56, 77, 151, 167, 188
evidence, 56, 165
inference of, 170
levels of, 57
significance of, 79
strength of, 95
Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners 
(AFTE), 178
Association and reconstruction, 157–190
association, 158–177
associating two objects through inference of 
contact, 170–176
definition of association, 169–170
evidence and law, 158–160
inferential reasoning in forensic science, 
165–169
inferential reasoning in science, 160–165
making of inference, 176–177
reconstruction, 177–188
capabilities of reconstruction, 178–181
limitations of reconstruction, 181–188
state of practice, 177–178
ASTM, see America Society for Testing and 
Materials
ASTM Committee E-30, 231
Atomic absorption (AA) analysis, 38
Authenticity of similarities, 133