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Principles and Practice of CRIMINALISTICS The Profession of Forensic Science (Protocols in Forensic Science) by Keith Inman, Norah Rudin (z-lib.org)

 
1.
Physical Transfer
Locard posited that when a person was engaged in the commission of a crime,
the intensity of the effort dictated that traces present on the person would
be left behind on anything with which he came into contact, or that he would
take away something of the crime scene on his body. One alternative to the
translation of the word “intensity” is “force”; the implication is that the force
required to commit a crime is such that transfer of material is inevitable.
Three objects and some energy are required for transfer.
 
Object 1
— The original 
 
source
Object 2
— A 
 
fragment
(ultimately the 
 
evidence
) divided from the source
 
Object 3
— A 
 
target
object onto which the fragment is transferred
 
Energy
— Some energy that facilitates movement of the fragment from
the source to the target. This is typically taken to be contact between
the source and the target, but it need not necessarily be so.
When the fragment is detected on the target by some responsible and author-
itative person (typically but not always law enforcement), it becomes evi-
dence. Largely unappreciated is the difference between the target and the
8127/frame/ch04 Page 94 Friday, July 21, 2000 11:48 AM


The Origin of Evidence — Divisible Matter and Transfer
95
evidence. Later we will develop a critical distinction between 
 
individualiza-
tion
(how sure we are the evidence is from a particular source) and 
 
association
(the inference of contact between the source and the target). For now, it is
important to recognize that there is more complexity to transfer than the
deceptively simple statement derived from Locard.

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