6. Word-building 17. Modern English phraseology 3

19. The Latin borrowings of different periods.

The role of Latin was very important due to such historic events as the Roman occupation of Britain, the influence of the Roman civilization & the introduction of Christianity. That’s why Latin greatly influenced OE: its alphabet, the growth of writing & literature.
Latin words entered the English language at different stages of OE history. Chronologically they can be divided into several layers:
1) The oldest layer words are taken over either directly from the Romans before the Anglo-Saxons settled in Britain (for they certainly had met Romans on the Continent in combat, had gone to Rome as war prisoners & slaves, had enlisted in the Roman troops & had certainly traded with Roman merchants), or from the Celtic inhabitants in Britain.
Early English borrowings from Latin indicate the new things & concepts, which the Teutons had learnt from the Romans; they pertain to (относятся к) war, trade, units of measurement & containers, agriculture, building & home life.
a) mil (mile)
weall (wall) - “стена”.
straet (street) (специально военная дорога). from Latin “via strata”. - “улица”.
b) ceapian (to trade) manξean (to trade)
ceap (deal) manξunξ (trading)
ceapman (trader) (later “chapman”) manξere (trader)
These words were soon assimilated by the language, as they formed many derivatives.
pund (pound) flasce (flask)
ynce (inch) ciest (chest)
c) win (wine) ciese (cheese)
butere (butter) pipor (pepper)
plume (plum)
d) cealc (chalk)
tiξele (tile)
coper (copper) (от Cyprus (Кипр),медь=кипрская бронза)
e) cytel (kettle) (котелок)
cuppe (cup)
pyle (pillow)
Among the Latin loan-words adopted in Britain were some place-names or components of place-names used by the Celts.
2) The second layer consists of words, which directly or indirectly belong to the sphere of religion & church, & words connected with learning. This period of Latin influence began with the introduction of Christianity in the late 6^th century & lasted to the end of OE. The total number of Latin loan-words in OE exceeds 500, this layer accounting for over 400 words.
a) The new religion introduced a large number of new conceptions, which required new names:
apostol (apostle) deofol (devil)
antefn (anthem) maesse (mass) (месса)
biscop (bishop) mynster (minster)
candel (candle) munuc (monk)
clerec (═clergyman) (clerk) preost (priest)
To this list we may add many more modern English words from the same source: angel, hymn, idol, martyr, noon, pope, prophet, rule, temple & others.
b) After the introduction of Christianity many monastic (монашеский) schools were set up (созданы, организованы) in Britain. The spread of education led to the wider use of Latin: teaching was conducted in Latin, or consisted of learning Latin.
scol (school) (досуг→школа, занятия) scolere (scholar)
maξister (master ═учитель)