3 Part One. The Predicate

Hypotheses, Theories and Laws
When we find that an idea explains or correlates a number of facts, we call this idea a hypothesis. We can subject it to further tests and to experimental checking of deductions. If the hypothesis continues to agree with the results of experiment, we call it a theory or a law.

A theory, such as the atomic theory, usually involves some idea about the nature of some part of the Universe, a law represents a summarizing statement about observed experimental facts. For example, there is a law of the constancy of the angles between the faces of crystals. The law states that whenever we measure the angles between corresponding faces of various crystals of a pure substance, they will have the same value. It does not explain the fact. We find an explanation of the fact in the atomic theory of crystals, the theory that in crystals the atoms are in a regular order.

Chemists and other scientists use the word “theory” in two different senses. The first meaning of the word is the meaning described above — namely, a hypothesis that has been verified. The second use of the word “theory" is to represent a systematic body of knowledge, compounded of facts, laws, theories, deductive arguments and so on.

Thus, by the atomic theory we mean not only the idea that substances consist of atoms, but also all the facts about substances that can be explained and interpreted in terms of atoms and the arguments that explain the properties of substances in terms of their atomic structure.

Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized

also, angle, atom, atomic, body, check, consist of, correspond, crystal, example, for example, experiment, fact, further, hypothesis (hypotheses), idea, involve, in terms of, law, measure, namely, not only... but, observe, order, represent, result, same, state, statement, subject, such, test, theory, thus, universe, usually, various, verify, whenever

Ex. 6. Give the Uzbek equivalents for the following:

find, a number of facts, idea, subject to, experimental checking, agree with smith. (smb.), such as, the atomic theory, usually, involve, law, represent, for example, the faces of crystals, state, whenever, a pure substance, the same value, explain, in a regular order, in a sense, the meaning of the word, above, namely, verify a hypothesis, a body of knowledge, and so on, thus, not only... but, in terms of

Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:

haqiqatni tushuntiring, bir qator tajribalar, gipotezani sinab ko'ring, eksperimental ravishda tasdiqlang, natijalar bilan rozi bo'ling, qonun deb atang, atom nazariyasi, masalan, odatda, koinot, bayon, masalan, kristallning yuzlari orasidagi burchak, o'lchov, turli xil moddalar, xuddi shunday. yuqorida tavsiflangan juda ma'no va hokazo, shuning uchun nafaqat ... balki,

Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.

of, to, with, for, in, by, in terms of

1. If an idea explains or correlates a number ... facts, we call it a hypothesis. 2 . Scientists subject the idea ... experimental checking. 3. If the hypothesis agrees ... the results ... experiment, we call it ... a theory or ... a law. 4. ... example, everybody knows the periodic law. 5. The explanation... the fact is ... the atomic theory. 6 crystals the atoms are ... a regular order. 7 the atomic theory we mean that substances consist ... atoms. 8. Scientists explain facts ... atoms and their structure.

Ex. 9. Practise the numerals.

Ex. 10.

a) Read the following forms of the verbs; mind different ways of reading -s and -ed.

explains, correlates, continues, calls, involves, states, uses, verifies, means; called, subjected, checked, involved, represented, observed, corresponded, used, described, consisted

b) Give the three forms of the following verbs: be, have, find, do, mean, give

с) Translate the sentences into Uzbek.

1. A theory usually involves some idea about the nature of some part of the Universe. 2. The periodic law represents a summarizing statement about the properties of elements. 3. The scientists verified die hypothesis and it became a theory. 4. A law will not explain the fact, it only states the fact. 5. Early scientists would use the word “theory” in two different senses, now we do the same. 6. A hypothesis usually explains or correlates a number of facts. 7. Now we are speaking about hypotheses, theories and laws. 8. The atomic theory explains and interprets the facts in terms of atoms. 9. A good theory will live a long life. 10. Will you tell us what you know about a hypothesis? 11. What do we call a law? 12. Early scientists did not think of atoms. 13. Now the atomic theory is more popular than it used to be. 14. Before the nineteenth century chemists would not think about families of elements. 1 5. The periodic law does help chemists in their work. 16. Have you translated the sentences about the atomic theory? 17. By the atomic theory of crystals the atoms in them will be in a regular order.
Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Qonun - bu kuzatilgan eksperiment dalillarini umumlashtiruvchi bayon.

2. Nazariya faktlarga eksperimental asoslangan izoh beradi. 3. Gipoteza nima ekanligini tushunyapsizmi? - Ha, bu bir qator dalillarni tushuntirib beradigan yoki taqqoslaydigan fikr. 4. Olimlar nazariya yoki qonunga aylangan ko'plab farazlarni bilishadi 5. Kimyogarlar atom nazariyasidan keng foydalanmoqdalar. 6. Qadimgi olimlar moddalarning tuzilishi haqida o'ylashgan. 7. Biz moddalarning xususiyatlarini ularning atom tuzilishi jihatidan tushuntiramiz.
Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the sentences.

1. Chemists use the word theory in two different senses (3)*. 2 . We usually subject a hypothesis to further tests (2). 3. Every science lias its laws (2).

Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a hypothesis? 2. Do you know what a law is? 3. Do you know any laws? 4. What is a theory? 5. What theories do chemists use in their work? 6 . What do we mean by the atomic theory? 7. When did you hear about the atomic theory for the first time?