2nd year student of the «English Language ​​and Literature» department Berdakh Karakalpak State University Abstract

Differences of grammar in English and Japanese languages
ErejepovaJansaya Group
2^nd year student of the «English Language ​​and Literature» department
Berdakh Karakalpak State University
Abstract: This article explores a way of deducing the set of major typological grammar differences between English and Japanese
Key words: grammar, characters, tenses, sentence order, articles/particles, suffixes, noun
Аннотация: В данной статье исследуется способ определения набора основных типологических грамматических различий между английским и японским языками.
Ключевые слова: грамматика, символы, времена, порядок предложений, артикли/частицы, суффиксы, существительное
Grammar is the whole system and structure of a language or language in general. English and Japan languages have their own grammar that has several differences. Japanese grammar is much simpler than English grammar, and this helps with learning Japanese sentence structure. There are no plurals, no determines of articles – a/an/the, very few changes to word endings and only two sentences.
The most obvious difference between English and Japanese grammar is probably the characters.

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  In English or Italian, French, Uzbek and etc. all of these languages follow Latin characters from A to Z.
  
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  However, Japanese grammar does not have Latin characters, it has its own 3 types of characters: Hiragana, Katakana, Kanji.
  
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  While Latin script has 26 characters, Hiragana and Katakana script each has 46 and 45 characters. Moreover, there are thousands of Kanji characters based on Chinese characters in which each character/word hold a different meaning.
  

Tense is a verb-bathed method used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action or state in relation to the time of speaking.
Many languages use tense to talk about time. Other languages have no concept of tense at all, but of course they can still communicate about time, using different methods. Time expresses past, present, future.
As other languages English and Japan has past, present, and future tenses. But the first main difference between them is that English has aspects such as progressive – uncompleted action and perfective – completed action or state. However, in Japan there is only past, present and future. Moreover, present and future tense in Japanese language have identical rules and terminations.
Verbs in Japanese has «masu» ending. In present and future tenses, the positive form will be «masu», negative form will be «masen», and in past tense the positive form changes to «mashita» and negative form changes to «masendeshita».
Nevertheless in English there is
/-ed/ – [did not+verb],
[had+ed] – [had not+verb],
[was/were+Ving] – [was not/were not+Ving]
positive and negative terminations of past tenses.
If we have an action that happened in the past, such as «I ate», it means the same thing as «I completed eating» or have finished eating.
So, in Japanese, if we wanted to say «I ate», «I completed eating» or whatever it would be «tabeta».
If we have an action that is happening in the future, «I will eat», or an action that we are doing now, «I am eating», then this is an incomplete action.
In Japanese «tabero» means – «I eat» or «I will eat» based on the context.
«tabero» – «I eat»
«tabero» – «I will eat»
Other example the sentence «daigakuniikimasu» could be either – «I go to university/college» or «I will go to the university/college».
«daigakuniikimasu» – «I go to university»
«daigakuniikimasu» – «I go to college»
«daigakuniikimasu» – «I will go to the university»
«daigakuniikimasu» – «I will go to the college»
But if we wanted to make it clear if this is present or future tense we would add something like «ima» – «imadaigakuniikimasu» – «I go to university now» or «ashita» –«ashitadaigakuniikimasu» – «Tomorrow I will go to university».
«ima» – «imadaigakuniikimasu» – «I go to university now»
«ashita» – «ashitadaigakuniikimasu» – «Tomorrow I will go to university»
Third difference between English and Japanese grammar is sentence order. In English grammar, we usually go in this order «subject-verb-object» for instance «I eat rice».
In Japanese grammar, however, the order is slightly different: «subject-object-verb».
The example above will be «I rice eat» if we followed this order in English.
English – «subject-verb-object» – «I eat rice».
Japanese – «subject-object-verb» – «I rice eat»
The text «I eat rice» will be rewritten in Japanese as «watashiwagohan o tabemasu» – «I rice eat».
English – «I eat rice».
Japanese – «watashiwagohan o tabemasu» – «I rice eat»
This is not difficult to grasp but we cannot simply translate whatever sentence we saw into English since two particles orders are different. The handy thing is, every other part of the Japanese sentence is flexible, if we add a location, time, a preposition, etc. they can go anywhere in the sentence. As long as we mark them with the correct particle and the verb we are good to go. So, the key to remember here is: the verb always goes at the end.
The next difference between their grammar is using articles or particles.

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  English uses the articles «a», «an», and «the».
  
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  Japanese, on other hand, uses particles such as «ha», «ga», «no», «de», and «ni».
  

The rules and context for this is very different.

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  English articles define a noun, marking it as definite or indefinite.
  

Japanese does not do this, and Japanese learners of English often struggle to understand how exactly an article is used to mark a noun.

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  Japanese particles, on other hand, mark the relations between words in a phrase. They have the ability to change meaning, subtlety, and fulfill a variety of roles.
  

Japanese learners frequently struggle with Japanese particles, and even a minor error can completely change the meaning of sentence.
Japanese is an agglutinative language, which means that suffixes are added to the root of a word to change its meaning.

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  While English does this to some extent,
  
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  Japanese does it far more frequently.
  

This is especially noticeable with verbs; however this does actually make conjugating Japanese verbs relatively straightforward, especially since Japanese has only two significantly irregular verbs unlike English.
For the English teacher this means irregular verbs will need to be pointed out and stressed in class.
Meanwhile nouns in Japanese are always written in the same way, even when indicating a plural form. This implies that we will probably need to emphasize how nouns in English alter when dealing with singular and plural nouns.
Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender, or article aspect. The grammatical functions of nouns are indicated by postpositions. These includes possessions «no», subject «ga», direct object «o», indirect object «ni», and others. The topic is also marked by postponed particle «wa». These particles play an extremely important function in Japanese.
Another difference of Japanese from English is numerals for counting different kinds of objects.

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  In English we count like «one, two, three…» or «first, second, third…» for all kind of things.
  
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  However, in Japanese language if we are counting a bunch of pencils we go «ippon, nihon, sanbon…», and if we are counting sheets of paper or thin, flat things we go «ichimai, nimai, sanmai…», or if we are counting vehicles, mechanism, equipment we count like «ichidai, nidai, sandai…». And there is other counting for person, hours, weeks, months, years.
  

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  While English has prepositions,
  
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  Japanese language has post-positions.
  

Prepositions are words that show relationship between parts of a sentence such as «to», «at», «in», «between», «from», and so on. They come before nouns in English.
But in Japanese they follow nouns. For example «I went to Spain» or in Japanese «Supaineikimashita». «e» means «to», so this sentence is literally «Spain to went».

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  English – «I went to Spain»
  
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  Japanese – «Supaineikimashita» –«Spain to went»
  

In conclusion we want to summarize that in this article we mentioned and explained basic grammar differences between English and Japanese languages and whether we are learning English, or learning Japanese, these differences will become second nature to us with enough practice.