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technical units and, of course, all kinds of service personnel there, and, in addition, the entire
army propaganda machine, including touring ensembles, entertainment troupes – they all were
considered war veterans and, indeed, it was apparent to everyone that the concentration of Jews
was much higher there than at the front lines.
Some write that among Leningrad’s veteran-writers, the Jews comprised by most
cautious and perhaps understated assessment 31 percent – that is, probably more. Yet how many
of them were editorial staff? As a rule, editorial offices were situated 10-15 kilometers behind
the frontline, and even if a correspondent happened to be at the front during hostilities, nobody
would have forced him to hold the position, he could leave immediately, which is a completely
different psychology. Many trumpeted their status as front-liners, but writers and journalists are
guilty of it the most. Stories of prominent ones deserve a separate dedicated analysis. Yet how
many others, not prominent and not famous
front-liners, settled in various newspaper publishing
offices at all levels – at fronts, armies, corps and divisions?
Here is one episode. After graduating from the machine gun school, Second Lieutenant
Alexander Gershkowitz was sent to the front. But, after a spell at the hospital, while catching up
with his unit, at a minor railroad station he sensed the familiar smell of printing ink, followed it –
and arrived at the office of a division-level newspaper, which serendipitously was in need of a
front-line correspondent. And his fate had changed. (But what about catching up with his
infantry unit?) In this new position, he traveled thousands of kilometers of the war roads. Of
course, military journalists perished in the war as well.
Musician Michael Goldstein, who “got the white ticket” (not fit) because of poor vision,
writes of himself: “I always strove to be at the front, where I gave thousands of concerts, where I
wrote a number of military songs and where I often dug trenches.”
Often? Really? A visiting musician and with a shovel in his hands? As a war veteran, I
say—an absolutely incredible picture.
Or here is another amazing biography. Eugeniy Gershuni in the summer of 1941
volunteered for a militia unit, where he soon organized a small pop ensemble. Those, who know
about these unarmed and even non-uniformed columns marching to certain death, would be
chilled.
Ensemble, indeed! In September 1941, Gershuni with his group
of artists from the militia
was posted to Leningrad’s Red Army Palace, where he organized and headed a troop-
entertainment circus. The story ends on May 9, 1945, when Gershuni’s circus threw a show on
the steps of the Reichstag in Berlin.
Of course, the Jews fought in the infantry and on the frontline. In the middle of the 1970s,
a Soviet source provides data on the ethnic composition of two hundred infantry divisions
between January 1, 1943 and January 1, 1944 and compares it to the population share of each
nationality within the pre-September 1939 borders of the USSR. During that period, Jews
comprised respectively 1.5 percent and 1.28 percent in those divisions, while their proportion in
the population in 1939 was 1.78 percent. Only by the middle of 1944, when mobilization began
in the liberated areas, did the percentage of Jews fall to 1.14 percent because almost all Jews in
those areas were exterminated.
It should be noted here that some audacious Jews took an even more fruitful and
energetic part in the war outside of the front. For example, the famous “Red Orchestra” of
Trepper and Gurevich spied on Hitler’s regime from within until the fall of 1942, passing to the
Soviets extremely important strategic and tactical information. Both spies were arrested and held
by the Gestapo until the end of the war; then, after liberation, they were arrested and imprisoned
in the USSR—Trepper for 10 years and Gurevich for 15 years.
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Here is another example: a Soviet spy, Lev Manevich, was ex-commander of a special
detachment during the Civil War and later a long-term spy in Germany, Austria, and Italy. In
1936, he was arrested in Italy, but he managed to communicate with Soviet intelligence even
from the prison. In 1943, while imprisoned in the Nazi camps under the name of Colonel
Starostin, he participated in the anti-fascist underground. In 1945, he was liberated by the
Americans but died before returning to the USSR (where he could have easily faced
imprisonment.) Only 20 years later, in 1965, was he awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet
Union posthumously.
One can also find very strange biographies, such as Mikhail Scheinman’s. Since the
1920s he served as a provincial secretary of the Komsomol; during the most rampant years of the
Union of Militant Atheists he was employed at its headquarters; then he graduated from the
Institute of Red Professors and worked in the press department of the Central Committee of the
VKPb. In 1941, he was captured by the Germans and survived the entire war in captivity – a Jew
and a high-level commissar at that! And despite categorical evidence of his culpability from
SMERSH’s [Translator’s note: a frontline counter-intelligence organization, literally, “Death to
Spies”] point of view, how could he possibly survive if he was not a traitor? Others were
imprisoned for a long time for lesser crimes.Yet nothing happened, and in 1946 he was already
safely employed in the Museum of the History of Religion and then in the Institute of History at
the Academy of Science.
Yet such anecdotal evidence cannot make up a convincing argument for either side and
there are no reliable and specific statistics nor are they likely to surface in the future.
Recently, an Israeli periodical has published some interesting testimony. When a certain
Jonas Degen decided to volunteer for a Komsomol platoon at the beginning of the war, another
Jewish youth, Shulim Dain, whom Jonas invited to come and join him, replied “that it would be
really fortunate if the Jews could just watch the battle from afar since this is
not their war, though
namely this war may inspire Jews and help them to rebuild Israel. When I am conscripted to the
army, I’ll go to war. But to volunteer? Not a chance.”
And Dain was not the only one who thought like this; in particular, older and more
experienced Jews may have had similar thoughts. And this attitude, especially among the Jews
devoted to the eternal idea of Israel, is fully understandable. And yet it is baffling, because the
advancing enemy was the arch enemy of the Jews, seeking above all else to annihilate them.
How could Dain and like-minded individuals remain neutral? Did they think that the Russians
had no other choice but to fight for their land anyway?
One modern commentator (I know him personally – he is a veteran and a former camp
inmate) concludes: “Even among the older veterans these days I have not come across people
with such clarity of thought and depth of understanding as Shulim Dain (who perished at
Stalingrad) possessed: two fascist monsters interlocked in deadly embrace. Why should we
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