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Machiavelli and Montesquieu, 1864). At that time the French police managed to confiscate every
single copy of the infamous pamphlet.
The
Protocols came to the West from a Russia overtaken by the Civil War. The official
version of their provenance is that they are a journalistic fraud produced in the early 20th
century, in 1900 or 1901. The
Protocols were first published in 1903 in St. Petersburg. The
mastermind behind them is thought to be P. I. Rachkovsky, the 1884-1902 head of the Foreign
Intelligence unit of the Police Department; their production is attributed to Matvei Golovinsky, a
secret agent from 1892 and son of V. A. Golovinsky, who was a member of Petrashevsky Circle.
The latter was a Russian literary discussion group of progressive-minded commoner-intellectuals
in St. Petersburg organized by Mikhail Petrashevsky, a follower of the French utopian socialist
Charles Fourier. Among the members were writers, teachers, students, minor government
officials, army officers. While differing in political views, most of them were opponents of the
Czarist autocracy and Russian serfdom. Among those connected to the circle was the writer
Dostoyevsky.
Still, new theories about the origin of the
Protocols appear all the time. Although the
Protocols were published and re-published in 1905, 1906, 1911, they had little success in pre-
revolutionary Russia. They did not find broad support in Russian society and the Court did not
give support to their distribution either. After many failed attempts, the
Protocols were finally
presented to Nicholas II in 1906 and he was very impressed. His notes on the margins of the
book included: “What a foresight!’, ‘What precise execution!’, “It is definitely them who
orchestrated the revolutionary events of 1905!’, ‘There can be no doubt about their authenticity.’
But when the right-wing activists suggested using the
Protocols for the defence of the
monarchy, Prime Minister P. A. Stolypin ordered a secret investigation into their origins. It
showed they were a definite fabrication. The monarch was shocked by Stolypin’s report, but
wrote firmly: “remove the
Protocols from circulation. You cannot defend a noble cause with
dirty means.” From that point on Russia’s rulers’ dismissed
Protocols of the Elders of Zion; no
reference to the
Protocols was allowed even during the Beilis Trial.
However 1918 changed everything for the
Protocols. After the Bolsheviks seized power,
after the murder of the royal family and the beginning of the Civil War, the popularity of the
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