participation of Jews.
It was especially manifest in the destruction of the Orthodox clergy. During the summer
of 1918 there was a major Bolshevik assault on Orthodox churches in Central Russia, especially
in the Moscow region (which was then an area comprising several provinces), and massive
waves of parochial riots occurred.
Already in December 1917, construction workers in the Kronstadt fortress could not
stand it, and protested. They published a resolution in Kronstadt Izvestia: “We, the workers and
artisans at our general meeting on this date [December 28], discussed the issue of the arrest and
persecution of Orthodox priests. No Jewish rabbi, Mohammedan mullah, Roman Catholic priest
and or German pastor but Orthodox priests only are being targeted.” (Note that even on this serf
island in the “prison of nations” there were acting churches of all denominations.)
In Arkhangelsk there was published under the sarcastic headline “Kill the Jews!” the
complain from “conscious Russian workers and peasants” that everywhere churches were being
desecrated,
defiled,
and
pillaged.
“Only the Russian Orthodox Church, not the Jewish synagogues ... Death from starvation and
disease takes hundreds of thousands of innocent Russian lives. But Jews do not die of hunger and
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disease.” (In the summer of 1918 there was also a “judicial” matter of anti-Semitism in the St.
Basil’s Cathedral.)
Jewish Bolshevik activists poured a persistent rage into the persecution of Orthodoxy (in
comparison with other religions) in a most unreasonable way—in the pursuit of priests, in
printed mockery of Christ. On August 9, 1920 Patriarch Tikhon wrote to the chairman of the
CPC Ulyanov-Lenin (with a copy to the chairman of the Central Executive Committee, Kalinin),
demanding the removal of the People’s Commissariat investigator of Spitsbergen, a former
divorce lawyer, who was now entrusted by the People’s Commissariat with revision of the power
of the Russian Orthodox Church, and who was desecrating crypts and tombs containing the
remains of the saints recognized by the Church. Referring to the Constitution of the RSFSR, the
Patriarch insisted on challenging the proceedings on grounds that the investigator Svalbard was
conducting investigations and interrogations “with prejudice which clearly appears from the
previous church processes, and finally as a man publicly insulting religious beliefs and openly
sneering at religion in print, in the preface to the book Religious Plague (1919) in which he
called Jesus Christ terrible names.”
The complaint was sent to the Commissars and considered at a meeting of 2 September
1920 by the very person complained of—Svalbard himself. Resolved: “Dismiss the complaint
without action” (unanimously). But Kalinin recalls secretly and stealthily writing to the People’s
Commissar of Justice Krasikov that he thinks that for practical political reasons it is necessary to
replace Comrade Svalbard with someone else, because the audience at the trial is likely to be
majority Orthodox. This should be done to “deprive the spiritual circles of their main argument
about the possibility of national revenge [on the part of the Jews] and so on.”
An autopsy performed on relics? What could explain this mass abuse, so vivid, defiant?
How would the Russian populace react? “It’s all rigged by Jews. The Jews crucified Christ
himself!” Would not such a spectacle be irresponsible on the part of those whose newly acquired
power was not as yet secure? Practical objections, not moral ones.
Bulgakov followed the fate of Orthodoxy under the Bolsheviks especially closely. He
wrote in 1941 that the Soviet persecution of Christianity, “surpassed in ferocity and size of all
the previous ones that history has ever known. Of course, it can not be entirely attributed to Jews,
but its impact cannot be denied or and belittled The most apparent strength of Bolshevism is the
volition and energy of the Jews. The Jewish stake in Russian Bolshevism alas is prohibitively
large and disproportionate. And it is, above all, a sin against the Holy One of Israel whom the
Jews claim to revere. Not the Holy One of Israel but strong Jewish will manifests itself as power,
Bolshevism, strangling the Russian people. The persecution of Christianity stems from the
ideological and practical program of Bolshevism in general, without distinction of nationality,
but it has been exercised to the greatest extent by Jewish commissars in the name of atheism, as
spearheaded by the Gubelmanom-Yaroslavl Union of Militant Atheists, in the face of the entire
Russian Orthodox people as an act of religious insolence.”
And too, there was the visual chutzpah of renaming the cities and places. To be sure, this
custom was not Jewish in essence, but common Soviet practice. But can we say that to the
inhabitants of Gatchina which was turned into Trotsky was conveyed no national flavor?
Pavlovsk became Slutsk. Palace Square in Uritskogo became Volodarsky. Vladimir Square
became Nakhimson, Admiralty Embankment became Roshal, the beautiful St. Michael was
renamed after the mediocre artist Isaac Brodsky. Not the “Holy One of Israel” but strong Jewish
will manifesting itself as power, Bolshevism strangling the Russian people. Forgotten. Dizzy.
Elizavetgrad is Zinovievrgrad and then gone. The city where the king was killed is re-named in
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honor of the murderer Sverdlov. Obviously, the idea of national revenge on the part of Jewish
Bolsheviks was developed in the Russian consciousness already by 1920, since even Kalinin
warned against it in the documents of the Soviet government.
Of course, Pasmanik’s was the best refutation: “For evil or stupid people everything is
explained very simply: the Jewish Kahal decided to take over Russia, and wreak Jewish
vengeance over the past persecution to which Jews were subjected to in this country.” Of course
you cannot explain the victory and domination of the Bolsheviks in this way. However, if the
1905 massacre lived in the memory of your family and if in 1915 your countrymen were
expelled from the western provinces with whips, then after some 3-4 years you could be avenged
with a sweep of the whip and a bullet from a revolver. We will not speculate on the extent to
which Jewish communists consciously avenged themselves on Russia, destroying, crushing
everything Russian; but that the feeling existed cannot be denied, nor can the question of the
connection of the king to previous Jewish inequality be disregarded as part of the motivation for
his murder and the death of the royal family.
But I. M. Bickerman, confronting the fact of such exorbitant participation of Jews in
barbaric destruction, and apparently responding to those who reckoned the Jews had a right to
revenge for past persecution, denied this right. “Persecution undoubtedly pushed many Jews onto
the path of revolution, but the responsibility for the destructive zeal of our fellows who used the
state for blood vengeance differs from person to person and one team to the other.” Surveying
the historical destiny of the Jews in 1939, under the ominous cloud of a new era, he said that the
Jewish people were ultimately doomed, because “Jews could only be an anvil and never
hammer.”
I am not going to delve into the historical fate of the world, and will not undertake to
argue in this volume, but the history of the world demonstrates, not just in the eighteenth year of
the 20th century in Russia, that where communism is concerned Jews were not just also the
hammer, but a fair amount of its mass.
And then echoing all this comes Pasternak.
Pasternak and I were of different generations, but we lived through the same Twenties
and Thirties. It was the same country before our eyes, at different ages, but we lived there the
same span of time. A contemporary of those years must be bewildered: Pasternak did not notice
what was happening? How could that be? His parents, his artist father, a pianist mother,
belonged to the circle of highly cultured and largely assimilated Jews who lived life within the
Russian intelligentsia and who had grown into a great tradition of Russian culture that had given
us the brothers Rubinstein, shrill Levitan, Gershenzon, Frank. Perhaps the events going on all
around him just did not fall into the retina of his eye, the ugliness and the deviation from
civilized norms. But these things were noted and were printed by thousands of others. Here,
witnessing the same year, again Bickerman: “The too conspicuous participation of Jews in the
Bolshevik madness makes us fear to look the Russian people and the world in the eye.”
No, the Jews were the main driving force behind the October Revolution. Moreover, that
revolution was not necessary to the Russian Jews, who had already gained their freedom in its
fullness during the initial revolution in February. But when change finally occurred, active young
secularized Jews quickly and easily committed themselves to a shining knight on a horse, and
with no less confidence hurtled into the Bolshevik abyss.
Looking for motives of this dynamic jump of the new Jewish youth to the winners, Mr.
Landau calls: “They acted out of anger against the old world and alienation, but they acted with
that peculiar rationalism so often inherent to the Jews,” and “willfully destroyed their own
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souls.” And there was the extenuating explanation: “The material conditions after the Bolshevik
revolution created an environment that made the Jews go to the Bolsheviks.”
This explanation is quite common: that 42 percent of the Jewish population of Russia
were engaged in trade, and now they lost it, so in their hopelessness, where do they go? In order
not to starve to death, they were forced to work for the government, for they were not able to
disdain any work. Despite the overbearing administration, they had to go to the Soviet apparatus
where the number of Jewish employees from the beginning of the October Revolution was great.
There was no exit? Meanwhile tens of thousands of Russian officials refused to serve
Bolshevism. Where did they go? To die of hunger? And what of the Jews of the towns? Yes,
even after all aid from the Joint, ORT and the like from the generosity of the Jews from the
West? Going into service in the KGB is never the only way out. There is at least one more. Not
to flee, but to stand.
And it happened, thought Pasmanik, that “Bolshevism brought hunger. In Jewish towns
there had always been the same professions, tailoring, brokerage and so on. These trades now no
longer existed. Given that fact, it is possible to say with a good conscience, and 70 years later,
that for those who did not want to emigrate to the United States to become Americans, and did
not want to emigrate to Palestine, to remain Jews, the only way out was Communism.”
Again the “only way out.” Here it is, a renunciation of historical responsibility.
The people who endured such persecution in all it historical extent could not help but be a
large part of the carriers of the revolutionary internationalist doctrine of socialism, because it
gave its Jewish followers hope to end their ancient status as outcasts, and on this earth, not in the
ghostly Palestine of their forefathers. And then in the course of the civil war and immediately
after it, they were often more competitive than the nominees of the root bottom, filled with a
social void created by the revolution. But as part of this process they predominantly broke with
their folk and spiritual tradition, and they were followed by assimilated Jews, especially during
the first Bolshevik generation.
Yet, ask: how come the age-old traditions of this ancient culture were so powerless
against the barbaric passions and the revolutionary slogans of Bolshevism? When the greater
Russia tried to shake off socialism and the revolution, only the Jews with all their strength and
energy turned out to have “no way out.” The Jews found themselves without engaging ideas,
with a puzzled sympathy for what is happening and a perplexed helplessness in relation to its
results. How came it that large segments of Jewry enthusiastically (and unforgivably for a people
with a millennial history of persecution) took to the revolution? How did rationalistic and sober
Jewish people become so intoxicated by revolutionary phraseology?
Pasmanik mentions “There were those Jews who loudly declared the genetic connection
between Bolshevism and Judaism, who loudly boasted of the broad sympathies of the Jewish
masses to the rule of the commissars.” However, Pasmanik himself singled out “those aspects
that at first glance seemed created for a rapprochement between Judaism and Bolshevism, such
as earthly happiness and social justice. Was it not Judaism that first put forward these two great
principles?”
Substantive discussion of this issue is found in the Anglo-Jewish newspaper Jewish
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