Chart 1. Global ICT developments, 2001-2017
Source: ITU World Telecommunication /ICT Indicators database.
Modern Uzbekistan is a part of the world
economic community, therefore the ongoing
integration processes on the international market
require economic entities to actively enter the
global information community. In this case,
Uzbekistan pays special attention to the issues of
ICT development and it should be noted that since
the beginning of the 1990s, the ICT market of
Uzbekistan has been forming as a separate
segment in the economy. The events of the last
decade provided a huge amount of evidence of the
real significance of ICT for the way of life of the
people. In this regard, priority measures for the
introduction of ICT into the economy, social
sphere and management systems are reflected in
the Decree of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan [2].
Information on the ongoing activities of
expanding the coverage and increasing the speed
of connection to the Internet, establishment of
interaction with leading foreign companies in the
field of software and telecommunications, further
development
of
the
“Electronic
government” system was provided.
More than 140 enterprises, where more than
thousand programmers are working today,
received the status of a resident in Mirzo Ulugbek
Innovation Center, established in accordance with
the Decree of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan of 30 June 2017. The most modern
technologies and methods of teaching are being
widely introduced at Tashkent University of
Information
Technologies
named
after
Muhammad al-Khwarizmi.
To date, information technology is of great
importance in the development of our republic.
Over the past years, the policy of the Government
of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the wide
introduction and development of information
technologies in the republic has been gradually
bearing fruit. In particular:
- аs a result of ongoing work on the
development of the national segment of the
Internet, the number of domains in the domain
“UZ” has reached 30,168 sites (an increase of
168
119%). The number of users of the national e-mail
system uMail.uz, exceeded 398 500 users (an
increase of 151%);
- developed more than 1 728 software
products from the side 360 companies developing
software products. Of these, 818 are in the social
sphere and education, 249 in the direction of
economy and finance, 244 in the direction of
production and others;
- 14 projects have been implemented (Single
Portal of Interactive Public Services, Xarid, Soliq,
Bojxona, Byudjet, Nafaqa, Clearing, License,
Interagency
Integration
Platform,
Single
Identification System, databases, information
registers of individuals and legal entities as well
as vehicles) from the created information systems
and
electronic
government
databases,
implemented as part of the implementation of the
integrated program for the development of
national information and communication constant
system;
- 10,620 (93.8%) of 11,325 in general,
secondary and higher educational institutions are
connected to the ZiyoNET network, the number of
resources of the ZiyoNET network exceeded
130,000 (119% growth);
- 295 state information resources were
introduced, 499 state information systems;
- The number of users of electronic digital
signatures reached 1,720 thousand.
In our opinion, the development of the
digital economy in Uzbekistan should include the
following five areas of activity:
- normative regulation;
- cadres and education;
- formation of research competences and
technical reserves;
- information infrastructure;
- information security.
To ensure information security it is
necessary to implement the following activities:
First, creation and implementation of
domestic highly effective means, methods and
systems of information protection in national
information and telecommunications systems;
Second,
development
and
practical
implementation of effective tools, methods and
systems of national information resources
protection from destruction, and unauthorized
access, reliability and security enhancement of
their storage;
Third, development and planned realization
of special organizational, procedural-institutional
and pedagogic measures to prevent and neutralize
information threats in the spiritual sphere of
society, formation of public consciousness in the
direction of counteracting these threats.
Uzbekistan also needs to achieve significant
successes in the development of a digital platform
for the provision of state and municipal services.
The digital economy provides for digitalization
and integration of all business processes occurring
vertically and horizontally in any economic
system. All data on management, production,
analytical and other processes are available in real
time.
II.
D
EFINING CONCEPT OF DIGITAL ECONOMY
AND WAYS OF MEASURING DIGITALIZATION INDEX
The concept of digital economy is evolving
all the time because of its multifaceted and
dynamic nature and due to the transformational
power of digital technologies. For instance, the
USA government defines a digital economy as
“the global network of economic and social
activities that are enabled by platforms such as the
Internet, mobile and sensor networks” [24].
The digital economy is sometimes called the
Internet Economy, the New Economy, or Web
Economy [25]. It is often perceived as conducting
business through markets based on the internet
and the World Wide Web. According to OECD,
the digital economy enables and executes the
trade of goods and services through electronic
commerce on the internet [25]. European Union
consider digital economy as “the single most
important driver of innovation, competitiveness
and growth in the world”. The Economist
Intelligence Unit and IBM joint study defines
digital economy as one that “can provide
businesses and governments” According to the
UK Government, digital economy includes the
manufacture of digital equipment, publishing,
media production and computer programming.
The digital economy is therefore a subset of
broader new term in policy discourse, having
concepts, such as the 'information age' or 'the
global information society' that attempt to
comprehend the total set of transformations that
have been enabled by ICTs and the interactions
between and among them. The digital economy
concept, however, focuses explicitly on the
economic impact of ICTs: on the structures that
169
generate wealth through the production and
exchange of goods and services and the resources
that are related to these. The nature of the digital
economy is such that many of these resources
such as digital literacy have social as well as
economic dimensions. As a result, the relatively
sharp boundaries that existed in the twentieth
century between economic and social policy, and
between the public and private spheres, are
becoming fuzzy. Old ways of doing things,
including
governance,
are
not
necessarily
sustainable.
Digital products, interactions and markets
have distinctive characteristics that underlie
ongoing economic and social change. These
often-transformative characteristics can support,
or challenge, policies. Ongoing work by the
OECD has identified some of the most prominent
characteristics in a proposed set of eight “vectors
of digital transformation”, listed below under
three headings: 1) scale, scope and speed; 2)
ownership, assets and economic value; and 3)
relationships, markets and ecosystems. These
“vectors” are suggested to improve the
understanding of the digital transformation and
related policy implication [27].
Building a digital economy is not merely
about transforming physical goods and services
into digital products. In a digital economy, data
can be the product; it can be used to create digital
goods and services and can be a source of
information that leads to further action. The
digitization of economic growth and trade will be
increasingly driven by the use and extraction of
value from data. The evolution of special purpose
standards for networked vehicles towards IP based
communication networks and the high volume
data processing requirement call for big data
virtual network [22].
Data collection and analysis can add value
to goods exports. Global data flows underpin
global value chains, creating new opportunities
for participation the digitization of economic
growth and trade is driven by the use and
extraction of value from data, which has been
described as the “oil of the digital era”. As with
oil, data now supports an expanding range of
economic activity and international trade.
There are a number of aspects that are
increasingly prominent in the digital economy and
which are potentially relevant from a tax
perspective. Specifically, these features include:
mobility, with respect to the intangibles on
which the digital economy relies heavily, users,
and business functions as a consequence of the
decreased need for local personnel to perform
certain functions as well as the flexibility in many
cases to choose the location of servers and other
resources;
reliance on data, including in particular the
use of so-called “big data”;
network effects, understood with reference
to user participation, integration and synergies;
use of multi-sided business models in which
the two sides of the market may be in different
jurisdictions;
tendency toward monopoly oligopoly in
certain business models relying heavily on
network effects;
volatility due to low barriers to entry and
rapidly evolving technology.
The
importance
of
cutting-edge
technologies in providing mobile coverage in
factories and in industrial buildings is coherent
with operating mobile networks, as well as the
5G, which is currently in the state of
standardization. Furthermore, building on the
available data transfer rates, current article -
relying on the standardization process – estimates
the preference of the 5G within manufacturing. In
the world of IoT (Internet of Things) and Smart
Factories, the available mobile networks most
likely will not be able to handle the high traffic
load sufficiently [18].
Measuring digitalization index is different.
Therefore, major approved catalyst for developing
digitalization
can
be:
network,
hardware,
software, content [19].
The importance of the internet and data for
growth and trade has been underpinned by
growing global connectivity and mobility.
Currently, approximately half of the world is
online. For most economies, the digital share of
gross domestic product has the potential to grow
by around three percentage points between 2015
and 2020-the equivalent of a 12.5 percent increase
worldwide. Today, the United States leads the
ranking, with a digital economy valued at around
US$5.9 trillion, which equates to 33 percent of
gross domestic product. Forty-three percent of
employment in the United States' workforce is
170
digital. If we measure the accumulated investment
in software, hardware and communications
equipment, digital capital stock represents 28
percent of total stock.
By contrast, Italy's labor force may be 37
percent digital, but only 10 percent of its capital
stock is digital-a relatively smaller capital
investment than most other economies-resulting in
a digital economy worth just 18 percent of gross
domestic product.
Data collection and analysis is adding value
to goods exports. For example, data collected
from sensors on mining and farming equipment
allows business to improve their operation and
thereby the value from their use. Distributed
ledgers provide further opportunities to add value
to goods exports.
In conclusion in terms of developing the
ICT sector itself, governments devote the largest
focus on encouraging innovation in SMEs and
start-ups, followed by supporting businesses to
invest and export as ways to further their impact.
The
most
commonly
used
policies
are
governmental funding projects or training
program aimed at giving businesses the tools they
need to innovate, followed by incubators and
accelerators, which are hybrids combining both a
monetary aspect along with a training component
and are primarily directed at developing digital
economy.
III.
D
IGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
Much of this year's growth in internet users
has been driven by more affordable smartphones
and mobile data plans. More than 200 million
people got their first mobile device in 2017, and
two-thirds of the world's 7.6 billion inhabitants
now have a mobile phone.
More than half of the handsets in use today
are ‘smart' devices too, so it's increasingly easy
for people to enjoy a rich internet experience
wherever they are.
Social media use continues to grow rapidly
too, and the number of people using the top
platform in each country has increased by almost
1 million new users every day during the past 12
months. More than 3 billion people around the
world now use social media each month, with 9 in
10 of those users accessing their chosen platforms
via mobile devices [14].
You'll find the key insights from this year's
reports in our more detailed analysis below, but
here are the essential headlines for digital in 2018:
The number of internet users in 2018 is
4.021 billion, up 7 percent year-on-year;
The number of social media users in 2018 is
3.196 billion, up 13 percent year-on-year;
The number of mobile phone users in 2018
is 5.135 billion, up 4 percent year-on-year [14].
In developing countries, the contribution of
ICT capital to GDP growth has been fairly
modest-around 15 percent of growth-reflecting
lower digital adoption. With rapid diffusion of
digital technologies into developing countries, this
number could rise in the future. In addition, the
indirect contributions of ICT capital to economic
growth, through improvements in total factor
productivity (TFP), could be large as well,
although rigorous evidence linking the two is still
missing.
High speed internet access and associated
technologies are often heralded as a means to
bring about not only connectivity, but also
innovation, economic development, new jobs, and
regional prosperity [17].
Digitization and interconnection have been
empowered by exponentially growing computing
power, with the number of transistors per square
inch in an integrated circuit having doubled every
18 to 24 months, or a 100-fold improvement in a
decade, for nearly 50 years. This growth is well
illustrated
by
the
mainstreaming
of
the
smartphone since 2007 and is further accelerated
by computing delivered via the cloud as a service.
Combined with constant mobile connectivity, a
wide range of new products, applications and
services has emerged over the past decade,
forming a growing ecosystem of technologies and
applications, which, through increasing use by
individuals, firms and governments, is driving the
digital transformation. Key components of this
ecosystem are:
The Internet of Things (IoT), which
comprises devices and objects whose state can be
altered via the Internet, with or without the active
involvement of individuals. It includes objects and
sensors that gather data and exchange these with
one another and with humans. The networked
sensors in the IoT serve to monitor the health,
location and activities of people and animals and
the state of production processes, the efficiency of
171
city services and the natural environment, among
other applications. The number of connected
devices in and around people's homes in OECD
countries is expected to increase from 1 billion in
2016 to 14 billion by 2022. These devices are a
key source of data that are feeding big data
analytics.
Big data analytics, which is a set of
techniques and tools used to process and interpret
large volumes of data that are generated by the
increasing digitization of content, the greater
monitoring of human activities and the spread of
the IoT. It can be used to infer relationships,
establish dependencies, and perform predictions
of outcomes and behaviors. Firms, governments
and individuals are increasingly able to access
unprecedented volumes of data that help inform
real-time decision making by combining a wide
range of information from different sources. Big
data analytics also enable machine learning, a
driver of AI.
Many other technologies underpin the
current digital transformation, including cloud
computing, open-source software like Hadoop,
robotics, grid and neural computing, virtual
reality, etc. Some of these have applications in
almost all sectors of the economy and can be
considered true “general-purpose” technologies.
Others have more narrow applications in specific
sectors. Together they are combinatorial and form
an ecosystem of technologies that underpin a
wide-ranging and rapid digital transformation of
the economy and society, and increasingly of
governments, in many areas, and which is leading
to shifts in markets and economic behavior that
are fundamentally different from the analogue era
to which we are used.
IV.
N
EW EXISTING BUSINESS MODELS AND
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS
Digital transformation requires companies
to rethink and innovative their business models.
However, small and medium sized enterprises
have scarce time and resources for experimenting
with their BMs and implementing new strategies
[21].
The technology ecosystem that drives digital
transformation is composed of many core
technologies and is continuously evolving in
terms of characteristics, opportunities and
challenges raised by two of the currently most
promising technological developments: machines
performing human-like cognitive functions, also
known as artificial intelligence, and blockchain, a
distributed and tamper-proof database technology
[15].
The analysis of successful digital business
models suggests that actions that take advantage
of the applications mentioned above can digitally
transform traditional businesses. These actions
include:
Blockchain is one such change that will
challenge the status quo in every sector, and it will
prove as a boon for digital economy. Blockchain
technology enables multiple parties to reach an
agreement on the authenticity of a transaction in a
decentralized manner.
The true innovation of blockchain is its
ability to automate trust among the parties using
it. Transactions are settled in a collective fashion
and recorded on a distributed ledger, which
removes the need for an established third party to
create a trusted relationship. Participants can
directly use the blockchain as the source of truth
instead of one another. This embedded trust
allows consumers, enterprises, and governments
to automate how they manage any transactional
relationship.
Blockchains can be used to store digital
representation of real-world assets. Combined
with radio-frequency identification tags, for
instance, blockchains can be used to record the
provenance of agriculture products, determining
the particular farm or even the single paddock that
high-quality beef came from, potentially adding
value and creating new market opportunities.
Many of these applications will need to find
ways to verify the identity of participants while
remaining sensitive to privacy concerns. A
common misconception is that the distributed
nature of blockchains makes them inherently
secure.
There is a privacy risks in that the
immutability of data can clash with privacy norms
that personal information can be deleted the so-
called right to be forgotten. While not a legal
contract, smart contracts can be having real-world
consequences such as payments and settlement.
How existing law would apply to execution of a
smart contract that caused loss or dam-age needs
further work. blockchain has the potential to
change the rules by automating trust, increasing
transparency, and simplifying business processes.
172
However, to unleash its full potential, it
needs to be based on set of standards that meets
the complex needs of the enterprise. Today's
organizations are seeking solutions to transform
their business processes and need the ability to
build blockchain networks. It is imperative to
differentiate between the two. In simple words,
blockchain is the technology, whereas bitcoin is
such implementation it. It is a form of digital
currency based on blockchain technology.
Bitcoins is one of the first applications of
blockchain technology for financial applications
[29]. In just a few years, the Bitcoin network
experienced significant adoption. The network has
grown from processing less than 100 transactions
per day in 2009 to over 250 000 confirmed
transactions daily in 2017. Despite its volatility,
the Bitcoin price also followed significant growth.
From a few fractions of a US dollar in 2009, the
price of Bitcoin reached over USD 1 200 in
March 2017.
Unlike other databases, a blockchain is an
append-only database, in the sense that data can
only be added to a blockchain but, once recorded,
cannot be unilaterally deleted or modified by
anyone In the case of Bitcoin, the information
recorded on the blockchain can only be altered if
one or more parties were to capture more than half
of the overall computational power invested into
the network – the so-called 51% attack. Given the
current size of the Bitcoin network, such an
attack, albeit possible, would be extremely
difficult and costly to achieve.
The Bitcoin blockchain can therefore be
regarded
as
certified
and
chronological
transactions, whose authenticity and integrity are
ensured by cryptographic primitives. Because
every transaction must be digitally signed by the
private key of the account holder, the blockchain
represents verifiable proof that one party
transferred a particular number of bitcoins to
another party, at a particular point in time.
Cloud computing often provides customers
with a cost-effective alternative to purchasing and
maintaining their own IT infrastructure, since the
cost of the consumer resources is generally shared
among a wide user base [30]. The advantages of
cloud computing are largely driven by economies
of scale in setting up the infrastructure and
maximizing server usage by sharing space among
clients whose needs for space and processing
power may vary on a flexible basis.
The most common examples of cloud
computing service models are:
Infrastructure-as-a-service – In the most
basic
cloud-service
model,
providers
of
infrastructure as a service (IaaS) offer computers
– physical or (more often) virtual machines – and
other fundamental computing resources. IaaS
clouds often offer additional resources such as a
virtual-machine disk image library, raw and file-
based storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP
addresses, virtual local area networks, and
software bundles. The customer does not manage
or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, but
has control over the operating system, storage,
and deployed applications, and may be given
limited control of select networking components.
• Platform-as-a-service – Platform as a
service is a category of cloud computing services
that provides a computing platform and
programming tools as a service for software
developers. Software resources provided by the
platform are embedded in the code of software
applications meant to be used by end users. The
client does not control or manage the underlying
cloud infrastructure, including the network,
servers, operating systems, or storage, but has
control over the deployed applications.
• Software-as-a-service – A common form
of cloud computing in which a provider allows the
user to access an application from various devices
through a client interface such as a web browser
(e.g., web-based email). It can be provided either
to business customers (B2B) or individual
customers (B2C). Unlike in the old software
vendor models, the code is executed remotely on
the servers, thereby freeing the user of the
necessity to upgrade when a new version is
available – the executed version is always the
latest, which means that new features go
instantaneously to market without friction. The
consumer generally does not manage or control
3.
Resource
pooling:
the
provider's
computing resources (e.g. storage, processing,
memory,
network
bandwidth,
and
virtual
machines) are pooled to serve multiple users using
a multi-tenant model.
4. Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be
rapidly and elastically provisioned.
173
5. Measured Service: resources use can be
monitored, controlled, and reported providing
transparency for both the provider and consumer
of the utilized service. the underlying cloud
infrastructure, including the network, servers,
operating
systems,
storage,
or
individual
application
capabilities,
with
the
possible
exception of limited user's specific application
configuration settings.
V.
R
ECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
Information
and
communication
technologies (ICTs) are the backbone of the
digital economy and society. It focuses on the ICT
sector
communication
markets,
broadband
networks and the Internet of Things (IoT). The
information
explosion
and
the
increasing
recognition that information and knowledge are
key ingredients in the modern economy have
given further impetus to the development, GDP of
country and growth of the digital economy. When
well harnessed, the digital economy has the
potential to enable business enterprises to
penetrate and compete in the international market,
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