2. The simple past tense of the verb to be

THE PAST OF TO BE

PLAN:

1. The concept of transition, its essence, general laws and various forms.

2. The simple past tense of the verb to be:

3. The verb to be is one of the verbs with an irregular past form.



1. The concept of transition, its essence, general laws and various forms.

The concept of transition, its essence, general laws and various forms. “Transition” as an independent topic is little studied in the scientific literature and is characterized by its long duration or brevity. It happens differently in different countries. This is due to the socio-political, economic and spiritual conditions of these countries. Transition is a common law for the development of all nations. Because states cannot rise to a high level of development as soon as they are formed, they are formed first, they go through certain stages. The transition from one social system to another is a complex process that takes place according to certain laws. On the question of attitudes to the transition period, the German scholar Leonid Levitin writes: "The words 'reform' are usually understood as the present between the past and the future. "According to such views, the past is the cause of the transition, and the future is the goal." So, first of all, "transition" does not mean "intermediate". According to another scholar, “Naturally, transitions are a variety of chaotic processes, abstract denials. That fact must be taken into account. " Second, it is impossible to "export" democratic processes "from abroad" to countries living under feudal relations. Third, the "transition period" is not a socio-economic, political system, but an intermediate stage in which countries go through the formation of the conditions necessary for their transition. Fourth, the "transition period" is necessary for all socio-economic and political systems, no matter how diverse.

The transition to a democratic society is the time taken for countries to develop from different systems on the basis of democratic principles. It is important that the "intermediate" time ends. During the transition period, a new statehood will emerge, the development of which will be necessary for the transition to socio-economic development, such as slavery, feudalism, capitalism, socialism. While the transition period, that is, the transition from one system to another, is a matter of course, it can also take many forms. It is defined by generality, specificity, and intermediate states. This means that the country should not be artificially accelerated during the transition period, the use of force and violence will not go away, it will be determined not by the full assumption of political power, but by the welfare of the people. There are 3 main "models" of "transition" in developed countries: 1) The classical (traditional) way of transition. 2) The revolutionary way (through revolution). An example of this is the former USSR. 3) It is an evolutionary or step-by-step approach.

So, if we compare it with our current independent Uzbekistan, we see the reasons for the complex transition in our country, the fact that it happens on the basis of certain laws, and we are talking about this third evolutionary, that is, gradual. we chose the path.

Slide 1 Transition to a democratic society In particular, the American sociologist Daniel Bell divides post-transition social development into three stages:

1. Agrarian society.

2. Industrial society.

3. Industrial or informed society.

It is based on the classification (systematization) of society, the production technology of society, the services that determine the effective impact on production, everyday life, and in his opinion, today many countries around the world are in transition from an industrial society to an information society6. ... Some European scholars, in addition to the industrial and post-industrial society, have narrowed down the “new” society to P. Draker, the “post-modernized” society, and then the new industrialized society, Dj. Gelbright, then “advanced” society and so on.

In general, their theories embody the role and place of man in society, and in others the changes that have taken place during the transition period under the influence of the development of knowledge and technology in democracy7.

Summarizing the views of the above scientists, we can say: first, society, regardless of its name, develops on the basis of a process of transition from one to another in its development; secondly, the main indicator of the transition from one stage of development to another is not the material factor, but the change in people's living conditions.

Linking the transition period only to the levels of material factors does not fully reflect its essence. Therefore, it is important to determine the role of political factors that influence the positive or negative changes that will take place.

Everyone in the community The essence of the transition period can be understood only when the changes are considered in the context of the integration of economic, socio-political and spiritual spheres: the transition period is a general pattern of transition of countries from one socio-economic stage to another however, in each of them the transition process is also manifested differently. The main common denominator is that the old one does not meet the needs of development, which makes it necessary to move to a new stage. In this sense, the main direction of the transition is not to "go back", but to "go forward", to rise from the bottom up, or to rise above the previous level, to develop.

Despite the various attempts to preserve the old system, the bloodshed, the various tragedies that befell the people, no matter how much they happened, the main direction of the transition period will remain the same. . In this sense, we can agree with Leonid Levitin. "The post-communist transition is just one of the manifestations of the transition," he said. Such periods have not occurred in the history of mankind. No matter how much they differ from each other, their main purpose is to modernize a society, its economy, its politics, its culture. ”8 However, it is necessary to find an answer to the question of what criteria should be used to modernize this "modernization". After all, "time" is a changing, fast-moving process. If we look at the issue from this perspective, the question arises as to whether there are criteria for the end of the transition period or whether it is a continuous process like "time".

In fact, in our definition above, the transition period is a separate stage in this sense, in line with our conceptual idea that the development of the state is a separate stage necessary for the transition from one socio-economic system to another. Of course, it will come to an end after a certain period of time, and the society will begin to live in a new stage of development than before.

We need to have a clear idea and understanding of such a process. Otherwise, humanity will live through a period of transition, and it will be a misconception that this is an endless process.

Of course, the peculiarities of Uzbekistan's gradual transition from totalitarianism to a democratic society due to independence are no exception. However, the depletion of the opportunities of the development process based on the achievements of the society, its inability to meet the growing needs, leads to the need to raise the society to a new level. So, first of all, the transition period can be defined by the period from the end of development based on the opportunities that society has achieved, from the failure to meet growing needs to the emergence of higher opportunities.

Second, the period of "transition" from one socio-economic, political system to another, or more precisely, the "intermediate" stage, ends with the manifestation of this new process of development.

Third, humanity not only lives in a "transition period," but it also has a beginning and an end. The same “bottom” allows us to distinguish one level of development or one system from another.

When we think of a “transition period,” it is important to note that not all systems, up to civil society, can fully meet the interests and needs of the people, creating the need for them to move objectively from one to the other. This, in turn, marks the beginning of a transition to a new system.

However, the transition to a new society based on democratic principles has a number of peculiarities. They are:

First, in some countries, democratic processes are taking shape within the new system, and this has been reflected in its efforts to ensure a prosperous life for the people. It is true that this process is not smooth, but it is very complicated and can lead to huge losses. Choosing the right path in solving these complex problems, that is, the development of society in the interests of the people, leads to a society that fully respects human rights and freedoms.

Second, the transition period does not end with the emergence of a high level of material opportunities, but is a process that depends on the extent to which they are aimed at ensuring the well-being of the people and the presumption of human freedoms. They depend not only on the geographical factor of the country, but also on the political culture and mentality of the people living in that country.

also depends. All of these are experiences that have been formed and developed at different stages of historical development.

To date, no independent fundamental theory of transition has been developed. As a result, countries are trying to "bypass" a certain historical stage and move to a democratic society. This, in turn, leads to great tragedies in some cases in their lives. It is also impossible to "export" democratic processes to "foreign" countries. Such attempts can lead to instability in countries, its backwardness from development. Rather than "exporting" democracy to such countries, it will be necessary to create the conditions for its formation.

In short, the "transition period" is not a socio-economic-political system, but a historical intermediate stage in the formation of the conditions necessary for countries to move to them. The new society will have its full potential only when its beginnings are connected with the changes in the countries, first of all, political changes and, on its basis, changes in the economic, social and spiritual spheres. As President Islam Karimov noted about its uniqueness and individuality, "the sum and characteristics of the problems of the transition period require the simultaneous solution of a number of extremely complex socio-economic tasks" 1. No matter how diverse the "transition period", it is still necessary for all socio-economic and political systems. Because it is an opportunity to lay the groundwork for each new society that emerges. This ground is not only economic, but also requires the members of society to "adapt" to the new society.

This makes it necessary to analyze the experience of several models of the transition period.

Features of the "model" of the transition period. The concept of transition, the general theoretical issues of its essence and necessity require the study of the specific features of different "models" of transition to a society based on democratic principles in different socio-political, economic sciences at different stages of human development.

It is known that the transition of socio-political and economic stages based on totalitarianism to a democratic society is a very complex process. Its complexity is that the stages of development that preceded it were formed as an objective necessity within each other, and although the state and its socio-economic relations have changed form, the content is to keep the masses obedient, to dominate it. remains to be done. Another feature of them is that they follow the principle that the public is for the state.

In a democratic society, first of all, the political system is radically changed, the government is governed with the direct or indirect participation of the people, and the state is governed by the principle that the state is for the people, not the state.

In this sense, the transition to a democratic society is the result of radical change in all areas of the state.

In the transition to a democratic society, in the political sphere, the existing mechanisms of the state will be abolished. Instead, mechanisms will be developed to meet the interests of the society being built. In the economic sphere, market relations are determined. In development, general economic development is based on the free will of the people to satisfy their material interests. In the spiritual realm, the human factor, its value, rises to a higher level. Due to such processes, the development of society on the basis of high intellectual power becomes a reality.

That is why today the countries of the world consider democratic society as their ideal. He is active in creating it. But there are no clear models, or more precisely, "models" for the transition to a democratic society that are common to all countries, and it cannot be. Because each country differs not only in its structure, level of economic development, opportunities, intellectual potential, but also in the mentality, lifestyle, customs and values ​​of its people. They can never be molded. Historical experience has shown that trying to do so can not only be counterproductive, but also have serious consequences. At the same time, the transition to a democratic society has laws common to all countries. These include: 1) reforming the political system, 2) shaping market relations, and 3) realizing one's own inner potential 4) ensuring the priority of high intellectual potential in the development of society, and a number of other laws are common to all countries striving to build a democratic society. However, the general laws do not preclude the transition to a democratic society, taking into account the specifics of all countries. On the contrary, it provides an insight into the problems of the transition period and allows them to be addressed in a consistent manner.

By 2007, during the 16 years of independence, the process of building a democratic state, civil society and deepening market reforms, strengthening democratic values ​​in the minds of the people, that is, the transition period in our country

It involves 2 important steps:

1. The first stage of the transition period covered the period 1991-2000, when the foundations of the national statehood were formed. This first stage is a period of real historical significance, involving radical reforms and changes.

2. The second phase of the transition period, covering the period 2001-2007, is a period of active democratic renewal and modernization of the country. it was a period that played a crucial role in ensuring consistent reform9.

2. "Classical", "revolutionary", "evolutionary",

Shock Therapy and Reform

To date, based on the experience of transition countries in democratic countries, three main ways or "models" of transition have been formed.

1. The first is the classical (traditional) way. The "classical path" is the first form of human transition to democratic development and a model based on the fact that it has contributed to the development of many countries around the world. The characteristic feature of this path is that it allows the country to move to a democratic society based on its own internal capabilities, without the intervention of external forces. Another key feature of this path is that it takes place over a long historical period. No matter how many hurricanes occur in the political sphere during the transition period, major transition reforms will begin to take place in the economic sphere. An important measure in this area is private property decision-making. The successful implementation of this measure will allow to carry out reforms in other spheres of the country's life, especially in the socio-political and spiritual-cultural spheres.

A characteristic feature of such a process in the classical path of transition is that the development of private property in the economic sphere will provide employment for the vast majority of the population. But the accumulation of basic material wealth in some people and the dependence of others on it can lead to major crises and even civil wars in the country. This process will continue until the efforts of property owners to ensure the well-being of the population begin to bear fruit. It is in the context of these processes that the political consciousness of the population is growing. Their desire to assert their rights is growing. This, in turn, affects the emergence and growth of democratic processes in the political life of the country.

The transition is the beginning of the classical path, the high stage of capitalist relations, when it is not possible for the economy to develop without reform.

The reason this path is called the classical (traditional) path is that the transition of countries to a democratic society was originally manifested in the same way. Today, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and many other European countries, which are highly developed, have followed this path. In Europe, this process lasted for two or two and a half centuries, as the classical way was associated with many problems, the complexity of solving them, and the "adaptation" of the population to the process. During this period, democratic values ​​are being formed in the countries on the basis of economic achievements, and today they are in the process of improving civil society.

2. The second transition to a democratic society is a revolutionary one. It is characterized by the fact that the huge economic potential created in the countries is based on the fact that the living standards of the majority of the population are relatively high, and initially drastic changes take place in the political life of the country. That is, the existing form of government will collapse and be replaced by a new form of government that tends to develop democratic processes. a its infrastructure is formed. They, in turn, will carry out drastic reforms in economic life. In particular, the current national currency will be abolished. This requires looking for opportunities to carry out economic reforms. As a result, the money in the hands of the population loses its value, and the development of democratic processes takes place in the economic life, as well as in the political life of the country. This road is very dangerous.

Among the key factors necessary for a revolutionary path are:

a) the preservation of private property buds under the former regime;

b) the presence of buds of democratic values;

(c) Adequate intellectual capacity to restructure the life of the country on the basis of democratic principles;

(g) The fact that a certain part of the population is at least "prone" to this democratic process is a decisive factor. Each of them is important for the revolutionary path. Take, for example, the role of the intellectual. They are the main force behind any change in the life of the country. The people trust and follow them more than the authorities. In this sense, they organize the masses and direct them to the democratic process. At the same time, the intellectual must rise to the level of an organized force that can withstand the complex problems of the democratic process.

A characteristic feature of the intellectual is that he, more than any other social class, seeks to anticipate the processes that take place in the life of society, and can be at the forefront of these changes. Or the fact that a certain part of the population must be prone to the difficult conditions of the country's transition period is also important for a democratic society. In this process, the revolutionary path will not be effective unless the population is only an observer in solving complex problems and actively participates in solving them. On the contrary, the revolutionary path will cause the country to lag behind in development. The unity of the intelligentsia in these drastic changes requires that it become an organized organization and a driving force.

If these factors are not given enough attention in the democratization of society, the revolutionary path will not work. Cuba, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Czechoslovakia, China, Poland, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic,

Bulgaria and Russia have followed this path. This path to democracy does not apply to the East. However, to some extent, the need for a revolutionary transition remains. The revolutionary path is a turning point in the political life of a democratic society. A fundamentally new form of governance is emerging in the political system of countries.

In the privatization of state property in the economy, the sharp abandonment of the old ideology in the spiritual sphere raises a number of problems. However, they took the form of escalating internal strife, a difficult process that led to bloodshed in some countries. Given the complexity of this path, which leads to enormous crises in the life of the country, each country can implement it only on the basis of its own characteristics and capabilities.

3. The third transition to a democratic society is an evolutionary or gradual one. Its characteristic feature is that with the abolition of the existing political power in the country and the emergence of a new government in its place, the old one is gradually and calmly abolished, without ending it with a sharp "blow". Even some of their opportunities are being exploited. In the same process, new relationships will be formed in the conduct of economic reforms and in this direction. The peculiarity of this path is that in parallel with the ongoing reforms in political and economic life, the spiritual and educational spheres are also developed on the basis of new needs.

Slide 2 Forms of transition to a democratic society

So why is there a need for a gradual, step-by-step transition? If it is a gradual transition, what is the difference between it and the classical path? Of course, the evolutionary path has different aspects from the classical (traditional) path. They are:

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