1st trend is translation history

3.By Descriptive or Interpreting Translation
Landslide – победа на выборах с огромным перевесом голосов;
a stringer (америк.) – частично занятый корреспондент, труд которого оплачивается из расчета количества слов;
a conservationist (environmentalist) – человек, озабоченный загрязнением или уничтожением окружающей среды.
Differences in cultural background frequently require detailed additions which are explanatory. What is familiar to the native reader may be unfamiliar to the reader of the translation. Additions in this case make up for the implicit information, contained in the text.


30. General reinterpretation
Translation transformation techniques are complicated inter-language transferences resulting in the creation of such a text that at full scope reveals the information of original text. The problem of transformation techniques is thoroughly elaborated by contemporary scholars. The scholars differentiate between lexical, grammatical and stylistic transformations.
Language systems of meaning are also different. Any language is able to describe things, notions, phenomena and facts of life. This ability of language ensures cognition of the outside world. But the ways of expressing these things and notions usually vary in different languages. Lexical transformations are the devices of logical process that reveal the meaning of the lexical unit of the SL that is different in the context from the dictionary one. Types of lexical transformations: differentiation, concretization, generalization, logical development, antonymic translation, general reinterpretation, compensation.
General reinterpretation - It is the replacement of the SL unit by the TL one that is quite different in its referential meaning but is similar in pragmatic. It is a kind of logical development, but in most cases we can’t reveal logic connections between the SL and TL words. E.g. never mind – не стоит беспокоится, well-done – браво, don’t mention – не стоит благодарности, Hear! Hear! – правильно! As a rule it is connected with the translation of phraseological units, when the correspondence to it is found in the target language taking into account general meaning of the phraseological unit. Taking into account the meaning of the phraseological unit translator either find the phraseological equivalent in the target language or takes away the imagery of the phraseological unit and gives the translation which has only the meaning of the phraseological unit.
For example: «make ends meet» - сводить концы с концами, “costing the earth” – очень дорого


31. Logical development
Translation transformation techniques are complicated inter-language transferences resulting in the creation of such a text that at full scope reveals the information of original text. The problem of transformation techniques is thoroughly elaborated by contemporary scholars. The scholars differentiate between lexical, grammatical and stylistic transformations.
Language systems of meaning are also different. Any language is able to describe things, notions, phenomena and facts of life. This ability of language ensures cognition of the outside world. But the ways of expressing these things and notions usually vary in different languages. Lexical transformations are the devices of logical process that reveal the meaning of the lexical unit of the SL that is different in the context from the dictionary one. Types of lexical transformations: differentiation, concretization, generalization, logical development, antonymic translation, general reinterpretation, compensation.
Logical development - The essence of this transformation device is the replacement of one notion by another provided that they are connected as cause and consequence. E.g. acid test – лакмусовая бумажка, process – object, thing, I gave the horse his head (metonymy) – Я отпустил поводья. As a rule, it is connected with the stylistic of the context. For example: I dоn't blame them. Я їх не звинувачую. Я їх розумію (with the help of logical development). Hе's dead now. Він мертвий. Він уже небіжчик. (with the help of logical development